Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS (Recherche sur les Services et Management en Santé) - U 1309, Rennes, France.
EHESP, Institut du Management, Rennes, France.
Front Public Health. 2022 Aug 26;10:933164. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.933164. eCollection 2022.
Drinking alcohol while pregnant is dangerous for health. To inform on this issue, various countries have adopted pregnancy warning labels on alcoholic beverages, including France since 2007, where wine holds deep cultural consonance. The aim of this research was to analyze the arguments put forward by the alcohol industry (producers, distributors, wholesalers, allied industries, trade associations, social aspects and public relations organizations, councilors who publicly defend wine-sector interests) the press in France: (1) in 2007 when pregnancy warnings were first implemented, and (2) in 2018 when larger pregnancy warnings to increase visibility were proposed but not adopted.
We used documentary method to analyze the arguments advanced by the alcohol industry in mainstream (national, regional and specialized) press in France from 2000 to 2020, using the Europresse documentary database. Quantitative analysis (number and trend curve of articles, mapping actors who spoke in the press) and inductive thematic content analysis (analytical framework of the arguments identified) using NVivo software were carried out.
We found a total of 559 relevant press articles in the database, of which 85 were included in the analysis. Peaks in number of publications were found to coincide with the warning label implementation and with the expansion-project schedule. A large majority of the arguments promoted by the alcohol industry contested the pregnancy warnings measure (very few were in favor). They argued that (1) pregnancy warnings were a questionable measure (e.g., ineffective, or the pictogram clearly links alcohol to mortality), (2) pregnancy warnings would have counterproductive effects (on women and the wider economy), (3) better alternatives exist (e.g., targeted prevention programs, prevention by health professionals). A large majority of the actors who spoke in the press came from the winegrowing sector.
This study fills a gap in the Anglosphere research on lobbying against alcohol warnings by analyzing lobbyists' arguments over a 20-year period covering both failed and successful industry lobbying. New findings have emerged that are likely related to the wine-oriented culture of France. In order to counter the alcohol lobbying practices we conclude with a number of public health recommendations.
怀孕期间饮酒对健康有害。为了对此问题进行警示，包括法国在内的许多国家都在酒精饮料上采用了孕期警示标签，因为法国的酒文化源远流长。本研究旨在分析法国的酒行业（生产商、分销商、批发商、相关产业、行业协会、社会和公关组织以及公开维护酒行业利益的议员）在以下两个时期提出的观点：（1）2007 年首次实施孕期警示标签时，（2）2018 年提出并未能通过的加大孕期警示标签可视性的建议时。
我们使用文献法，于 2000 年至 2020 年期间，在 Europresse 文献数据库中分析了法国主流（国家、地区和专业）媒体上酒行业提出的观点。采用 NVivo 软件进行了定量分析（文章数量和趋势曲线、在媒体上发表言论的行为者图谱）和归纳主题内容分析（识别论点的分析框架）。
我们在数据库中总共找到了 559 篇相关文章，其中有 85 篇被纳入分析。发现在数据库中文章数量的高峰期与警示标签的实施和扩展项目的进度相吻合。酒行业提出的绝大多数观点都对孕期警示标签措施提出质疑（支持的观点很少）。他们认为：（1）孕期警示标签是一项值得商榷的措施（例如，无效，或警示标志明确将酒精与死亡率联系起来）；（2）孕期警示标签会产生适得其反的效果（对女性和更广泛的经济）；（3）存在更好的替代方案（例如，有针对性的预防计划，由卫生专业人员进行预防）。在媒体上发表言论的行为者绝大多数来自酿酒行业。
本研究填补了英联邦国家关于反对酒精警示标签的游说活动的研究空白，分析了 20 年来，针对酒行业游说活动失败和成功的情况，研究了游说者的观点。出现了一些新的发现，这些发现可能与法国的酒文化有关。为了抵制酒行业的游说行为，我们提出了一些公共卫生建议。
