Kawaguchi Daiji, Kitao Sagiri, Nose Manabu
The University of Tokyo, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, and IZA, Tokyo, Japan.
The University of Tokyo and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan.
Int Tax Public Financ. 2022;29(6):1419-1449. doi: 10.1007/s10797-022-09749-7. Epub 2022 Sep 3.
Drawing on the original survey of Japanese firms during the COVID-19 pandemic, we estimate the impact of the crisis on firms' sales, employment and hours worked per employee and roles of work-from-home (WfH) arrangements in mitigating negative effects. We find that the lowered mobility, induced by the state of emergency declared by the government and fear of infection, significantly contracted firms' activities. On average, a 10% reduction in mobility reduced sales by 2.8% and hours worked by 2.1%, but did not affect employment. This muted employment response is consistent with limited changes in aggregate employment at the extensive margin during COVID-19 in Japan. We find that the adoption of WfH before COVID-19 mitigated the negative impact by 55% in terms of sales and by 35% in terms of hours worked. Adapting to the pandemic by increasing the number of remote work employees also helped firms moderately mitigate the negative impact on sales and work hours and reduce the probability of filing for the short-time work subsidy.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10797-022-09749-7.
基于对新冠疫情期间日本企业的原始调查，我们估计了危机对企业销售额、就业以及每名员工工作时长的影响，以及居家办公安排在减轻负面影响方面的作用。我们发现，政府宣布的紧急状态以及对感染的恐惧所导致的流动性降低，显著收缩了企业活动。平均而言，流动性降低10%会使销售额减少2.8%，工作时长减少2.1%，但对就业没有影响。这种就业反应不明显与日本在新冠疫情期间总体就业在粗放边际上变化有限是一致的。我们发现，在新冠疫情之前采用居家办公在销售额方面减轻了55%的负面影响，在工作时长方面减轻了35%的负面影响。通过增加远程工作员工数量来适应疫情也有助于企业适度减轻对销售额和工作时长的负面影响，并降低申请短期工作补贴的概率。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s10797-022-09749-7获取的补充材料。
