Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow East, G0 4NW, Glasgow, UK.
Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1BX, Glasgow, UK.
Analyst. 2022 Oct 10;147(20):4598-4606. doi: 10.1039/d2an00862a.
3D-printing has become a fundamental part of research in many areas of investigation since it provides and personalized production of parts that meet very specific user needs. Biosensing is not an exception, and production of electrochemical sensors that can detect a variety of redox mediators and biologically relevant molecules has been widely reported. However, most 3D-printed electrochemical sensors detailed in the literature rely on big, individual, single-material electrodes that require large sample volumes to perform effectively. Our work exploits multi-material fused filament fabrication 3D-printing to produce a compact electrochemical sensor able to operate with only 100 μL of sample. We report cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry results to assess sensor performance and sensitivity. We investigated the influence of layer print orientation and layer thickness on the electrochemical performance of the sensor, and used the optimal parameters to produce the final device. The integrated 3D-printed platform successfully detects electrochemical activity for hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride and potassium ferricyanide (0.1 mM to 2 mM in 100 mM KCl), dopamine (50 μM to 1 mM in 1×PBS), and glucose mediated amperometric glucose oxidase enzyme-based sensing (1 mM to 12 mM in 1×PBS), indicating good acceptance of biological modification. These results reveal the exciting potential of multi-material 3D-printing and how it can be used for the rapid development of efficient, small, integrated, personalized electrochemical biosensors.
3D 打印技术已经成为许多研究领域的基础，因为它可以提供满足特定用户需求的个性化零件生产。生物传感也不例外，已经广泛报道了用于检测各种氧化还原介质和生物相关分子的电化学传感器的生产。然而，文献中详细介绍的大多数 3D 打印电化学传感器都依赖于大型、单一材料的电极，这些电极需要大量的样品体积才能有效工作。我们的工作利用多材料熔融灯丝制造 3D 打印技术来生产一种紧凑的电化学传感器，仅需 100μL 的样品即可运行。我们报告了循环伏安法、差分脉冲伏安法和计时安培法的结果，以评估传感器的性能和灵敏度。我们研究了层打印方向和层厚度对传感器电化学性能的影响，并使用最佳参数生产最终器件。集成的 3D 打印平台成功地检测了六氨合氯化钌(III)和铁氰化钾（在 100mM KCl 中 0.1mM 至 2mM）、多巴胺（在 1×PBS 中 50μM 至 1mM）和葡萄糖介导的安培葡萄糖氧化酶酶基传感（在 1×PBS 中 1mM 至 12mM）的电化学活性，表明对生物修饰有很好的接受能力。这些结果揭示了多材料 3D 打印的令人兴奋的潜力，以及它如何可用于快速开发高效、小型、集成、个性化的电化学生物传感器。
