Grillo Luigi
San Giorgio su Legnano via Ragazzi del 99 Milano MI, Italy.
Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol. 2022 Aug 30;10(1):102-113. doi: 10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0011. eCollection 2022 Jan.
Various pleasant sensations that give a particularly intense pleasure are able to improve anxiety. In the present study I consider the possibility that their anti-anxiety action depends on the strong pleasure they provide, and I propose a possible mechanism of this action. According to some studies, also appetitive aggression (an aggression that provokes a strong pleasure and that is performed only for the pleasure it provides) can improve anxiety, and in this article I consider the possibility that the pleasure of appetitive aggression is able to reduce anxiety by the same mechanism I have proposed for other intense pleasurable sensations. The aggression performed by a child against the mother or against a substitute for the mother in the first period of life (a period in which this aggression is not dangerous) is a recurring theme throughout the work of of Donald Winnicott. Winnicott stresses that this aggression is necessary for the normal development of the child, and that the child must be free to practise it. According to Winnicott, this aggression is highly pleasurable and is not a response to unpleasant or hostile external situations. For these characteristics it seems to correspond to appetitive aggression in the adult that has been found to be able to reduce anxiety. Consequently, aggression performed by the child in the first period of life may also relieve anxiety, in the same way that appetitive aggression helps against anxiety in the adult. In his writings, Winnicott returns several times to an unthinkable or archaic anxiety that children experience when they feel abandoned by their mother for a period that is too long for them, and all children, according to Winnicott, live on the brink of this anxiety. In this study I propose the hypothesis that aggression in the early period of life may be necessary for children because the intense pleasure it provides may help them against this continuously impending anxiety.
各种能带来特别强烈愉悦感的愉快感觉都能够改善焦虑。在本研究中，我探讨了它们的抗焦虑作用是否取决于所提供的强烈愉悦感这一可能性，并提出了这种作用的一种可能机制。根据一些研究，嗜好性攻击行为（一种引发强烈愉悦感且仅为其带来的愉悦而实施的攻击行为）也能改善焦虑，在本文中我考虑了嗜好性攻击行为的愉悦感能够通过我为其他强烈愉悦感觉所提出的相同机制来减轻焦虑的可能性。儿童在生命早期针对母亲或母亲替代者实施的攻击行为（在这一时期这种攻击行为并无危险）是唐纳德·温尼科特整个著作中反复出现的主题。温尼科特强调这种攻击行为对儿童的正常发育是必要的，而且儿童必须能够自由地实施这种行为。按照温尼科特的观点，这种攻击行为极具愉悦性，并非对不愉快或敌对外部情境的反应。鉴于这些特征，它似乎与已被发现能够减轻焦虑的成年人的嗜好性攻击行为相对应。因此，儿童在生命早期实施的攻击行为也可能缓解焦虑，就如同嗜好性攻击行为有助于成年人对抗焦虑一样。在其著作中，温尼科特多次提及儿童在感觉被母亲长时间抛弃时所体验到的一种难以想象或古老的焦虑，而且按照温尼科特的说法，所有儿童都生活在这种焦虑的边缘。在本研究中，我提出一个假设，即生命早期的攻击行为对儿童可能是必要的，因为它所带来的强烈愉悦感可能帮助他们对抗这种持续逼近的焦虑。
