Gnanagobal Hajarooba, Santander Javier
Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Sep 5;11(9):1316. doi: 10.3390/biology11091316.
Marine Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including , , , , and spp. cause economic losses in marine fish aquaculture worldwide. Comprehensive information on these pathogens and their dynamic interactions with their respective fish-host systems are critical to developing effective prophylactic measures and treatments. While much is known about bacterial virulence and fish immune response, it is necessary to synthesize the knowledge in terms of host-pathogen interactions as a centerpiece to establish a crucial connection between the intricate details of marine Gram-positive pathogens and their fish hosts. Therefore, this review provides a holistic view and discusses the different stages of the host-pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens can invade fish tissues, evade the fish defenses, proliferate in the host system, and modulate the fish immune response. Marine Gram-positive pathogens have a unique set of virulence factors that facilitate adhesion (e.g., adhesins, hemagglutination activity, sortase, and capsules), invasion (e.g., toxins, hemolysins/cytolysins, the type VII secretion system, and immune-suppressive proteins), evasion (e.g., free radical quenching, actin-based motility, and the inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion), and proliferation and survival (e.g., heme utilization and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems) in the fish host. After infection, the fish host initiates specific innate and adaptive immune responses according to the extracellular or intracellular mechanism of infection. Although efforts have continued to be made in understanding the complex interplay at the host-pathogen interface, integrated omics-based investigations targeting host-pathogen-marine environment interactions hold promise for future research.
海洋革兰氏阳性细菌病原体，包括[具体菌名未给出]、[具体菌名未给出]、[具体菌名未给出]、[具体菌名未给出]和[具体菌名未给出]等菌属，在全球范围内的海洋鱼类养殖中造成经济损失。全面了解这些病原体及其与各自鱼类宿主系统的动态相互作用，对于制定有效的预防措施和治疗方法至关重要。虽然人们对细菌毒力和鱼类免疫反应已有很多了解，但有必要以宿主 - 病原体相互作用为核心来综合这些知识，以便在海洋革兰氏阳性病原体的复杂细节与其鱼类宿主之间建立关键联系。因此，本综述提供了一个全面的视角，并讨论了海洋革兰氏阳性病原体宿主 - 病原体相互作用的不同阶段。革兰氏阳性病原体可侵入鱼类组织，逃避鱼类防御，在宿主系统中增殖，并调节鱼类免疫反应。海洋革兰氏阳性病原体具有一组独特的毒力因子，这些因子有助于在鱼类宿主中实现黏附（例如黏附素、血凝活性、分选酶和荚膜）、侵袭（例如毒素、溶血素/细胞溶素、VII型分泌系统和免疫抑制蛋白）、逃避（例如自由基淬灭、基于肌动蛋白的运动以及吞噬溶酶体融合的抑制）以及增殖和存活（例如血红素利用和铁载体介导的铁获取系统）。感染后，鱼类宿主根据感染的细胞外或细胞内机制启动特定的先天性和适应性免疫反应。尽管在理解宿主 - 病原体界面的复杂相互作用方面一直在持续努力，但针对宿主 - 病原体 - 海洋环境相互作用的基于组学的综合研究有望成为未来的研究方向。
