Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China.
Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2022 Sep 28;17:4579-4598. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S359118. eCollection 2022.
Mucosal tissue constitutes the largest interface between the body and the external environment, regulating the entry of pathogens, particles, and molecules. Mucosal immunization is the most effective way to trigger a protective mucosal immune response. However, the majority of the currently licensed vaccines are recommended to be administered by intramuscular injection, which has obvious shortcomings, such as high production costs, low patient compliance, and lack of mucosal immune response. Strategies for eliciting mucosal and systemic immune responses are being developed, including appropriate vaccine adjuvant, delivery system, and bacterial or viral vectors. Biodegradable mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) are the most promising candidate for vaccine delivery systems due to their inherent immune adjuvant property and the ability to protect the antigen from degradation, sustain the release of loaded antigen, and increase the residence time of antigen at the administration site. The current review outlined the complex structure of mucosa, the mechanism of interaction between NPs and mucosa, factors affecting the mucoadhesion of NPs, and the application of the delivery system based on mucoadhesive NPs in the field of vaccines. Moreover, this review demonstrated that the biodegradable and mucoadhesive NP-based delivery system has the potential for mucosal administration of vaccines.
黏膜组织构成了机体与外界环境之间最大的界面，调节病原体、颗粒和分子的进入。黏膜免疫接种是触发保护性黏膜免疫应答的最有效方法。然而，目前大多数许可的疫苗都建议通过肌肉注射给药，这种方法存在明显的缺点，如生产成本高、患者顺应性低以及缺乏黏膜免疫应答。正在开发引发黏膜和全身免疫应答的策略，包括适当的疫苗佐剂、传递系统以及细菌或病毒载体。由于具有固有免疫佐剂特性以及保护抗原免受降解、持续释放负载抗原和增加抗原在给药部位停留时间的能力，可生物降解的黏膜黏附纳米颗粒（NPs）是最有前途的疫苗传递系统候选物。本文综述了黏膜的复杂结构、NPs 与黏膜相互作用的机制、影响 NPs 黏膜黏附的因素以及基于黏膜黏附 NPs 的传递系统在疫苗领域的应用。此外，本综述表明，基于可生物降解和黏膜黏附的 NP 传递系统具有黏膜给予疫苗的潜力。
