Yamaguchi Adriana, Botta Eliana, Holinstat Michael
Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 27;13:997403. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997403. eCollection 2022.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids in cells. PUFAs regulate cellular function through the formation of derived lipid mediators termed eicosanoids. The oxygenation of 20-carbon PUFAs via the oxygenases cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or cytochrome P450, generates a class of classical eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and also the more recently identified hydroxy-, hydroperoxy-, epoxy- and oxo-eicosanoids, and the specialized pro-resolving (lipid) mediators. These eicosanoids play a critical role in the regulation of inflammation in the blood and the vessel. While arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids are extensively studied due to their pro-inflammatory effects and therefore involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and the coronavirus disease 2019; in recent years, several eicosanoids have been reported to attenuate exacerbated inflammatory responses and participate in the resolution of inflammation. This review focused on elucidating the biosynthesis and the mechanistic signaling of eicosanoids in inflammation, as well as the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these eicosanoids in the blood and the vascular wall.
多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）是细胞内膜磷脂的结构成分。PUFAs通过形成称为类二十烷酸的衍生脂质介质来调节细胞功能。经由环氧化酶、脂氧合酶或细胞色素P450对20碳PUFAs进行加氧作用，会产生一类经典的类二十烷酸，包括前列腺素、血栓素和白三烯，以及最近发现的羟基、氢过氧基、环氧基和氧代类二十烷酸，还有专门的促消退（脂质）介质。这些类二十烷酸在血液和血管炎症调节中起关键作用。虽然花生四烯酸衍生的类二十烷酸因其促炎作用以及因此参与动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、高血压和2019冠状病毒病等炎症性疾病的发病机制而得到广泛研究；但近年来，有报道称几种类二十烷酸可减轻加剧的炎症反应并参与炎症的消退。本综述着重阐明类二十烷酸在炎症中的生物合成和机制信号传导，以及这些类二十烷酸在血液和血管壁中的促炎和抗炎作用。
