Chen Huayou, Heng Xinyu, Li Keyi, Wang Zhen, Ni Zhong, Gao Ebin, Yong Yangchun, Wu Xin
School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Front Nutr. 2022 Sep 29;9:1001412. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1001412. eCollection 2022.
To overcome the problems with current mineral supplements for laying hens including low absorption, mineral antagonism, and high cost, we developed mineral element fermentation complexes (MEFC) by synergistically fermenting bean dregs and soybean meal with strains and proteases and complexing with mineral elements. The fermentation complexation process was optimized based on the small peptide and organic acid contents and the complexation rate of mineral elements after fermentation. The optimal conditions were as follows: the total inoculum size was 5% (v/w), 15% (w/w) wheat flour middling was added to the medium, and mineral elements (with 4% CaCO) were added after the completion of aerobic fermentation, fermentation at 34°C and 11 days of fermentation. Under these conditions, the complexation rates of Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn were 90.62, 97.24, 73.33, 94.64, and 95.93%, respectively. The small peptide, free amino acid, and organic acid contents were 41.62%, 48.09 and 183.53 mg/g, respectively. After 60 days of fermentation, 82.11% of the Fe in the MEFC was ferrous ions, indicating that fermentation had a good antioxidant effect on ferrous ion, and the antioxidant protection period was at least 60 days. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the mineral ions were complexed with amino and carboxyl groups. The added mineral elements promoted microbial growth, protein degradation, and organic acid secretion and significantly improved fermentation efficiency. Animal experiments showed that MEFC had positive effects on several parameters, including production performance (average daily feed intake, < 0.05; egg production rate, < 0.05; and average egg weight, < 0.05), mineral absorption, intestinal morphology (villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum, < 0.05), and blood routine and biochemical indexes (red blood cells, < 0.05; hemoglobin, < 0.05). This study provides theoretical support for the development of mineral complexes for laying hens via fermentation.
为克服当前蛋鸡矿物质补充剂存在的吸收低、矿物质拮抗和成本高的问题，我们通过用菌株和蛋白酶协同发酵豆渣和豆粕，并与矿物质元素络合，开发了矿物质元素发酵复合物（MEFC）。基于小肽和有机酸含量以及发酵后矿物质元素的络合率对发酵络合过程进行了优化。最佳条件如下：总接种量为5%（v/w），向培养基中添加15%（w/w）的小麦粉麸皮，在好氧发酵完成后添加矿物质元素（含4%碳酸钙），于34℃发酵11天。在此条件下，钙、铁、铜、锰和锌的络合率分别为90.62%、97.24%、73.33%、94.64%和95.93%。小肽、游离氨基酸和有机酸含量分别为41.62%、48.09和183.53mg/g。发酵60天后，MEFC中82.11%的铁为亚铁离子，表明发酵对亚铁离子具有良好的抗氧化作用，且抗氧化保护期至少为60天。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明矿物质离子与氨基和羧基络合。添加的矿物质元素促进了微生物生长、蛋白质降解和有机酸分泌，并显著提高了发酵效率。动物实验表明，MEFC对多个参数有积极影响，包括生产性能（平均日采食量，<0.05；产蛋率，<0.05；平均蛋重，<0.05）、矿物质吸收、肠道形态（空肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比，<0.05）以及血常规和生化指标（红细胞，<0.05；血红蛋白，<0.05）。本研究为通过发酵开发蛋鸡矿物质复合物提供了理论支持。
