Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada.
Acta Parasitol. 2022 Dec;67(4):1463-1470. doi: 10.1007/s11686-022-00621-6. Epub 2022 Oct 19.
The phenomenon of parasites manipulating host phenotypes is well documented; the best-known examples are manipulations of host behavior. More recently, there has been interest in whether parasites can manipulate host odor phenotypes to enhance their attractiveness to vectors. We review here evidence that Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes have enhanced attraction to human hosts, especially when the parasite is sufficiently developed to be transmissible. We also review evidence suggesting that malaria-infected host odors elicit greater mosquito attraction compared to uninfected controls.
We reviewed and summarized the relevant literature.
Though evidence is mounting that supports both premises we reviewed, there are several confounds that complicate interpretation. These include differences in Plasmodium and mosquito species studied, stage of infection tested, age of human participants in trials, and methods used to quantify volatiles. In addition, a key requirement to support the hypothesis of manipulation by parasites is that costs of manipulation be identified, and ideally, quantified.
Substantial progress has been made to unlock the importance of odor for enhancing transmission of Plasmodium. However, there needs to be more replication using similar methods to better define the odor parameters involved in this enhancement.
寄生虫操纵宿主表型的现象已有大量记载；最著名的例子是对宿主行为的操纵。最近，人们开始关注寄生虫是否可以操纵宿主气味表型，以增强其对媒介的吸引力。我们在这里回顾了有证据表明，感染疟原虫的蚊子对人类宿主的吸引力增强，尤其是当寄生虫发育到足以传播时。我们还回顾了一些证据，表明与未感染对照相比，感染疟疾的宿主气味会引起蚊子更大的吸引力。
我们回顾并总结了相关文献。
尽管越来越多的证据支持我们所综述的两个前提，但有几个混淆因素使解释变得复杂。这些因素包括研究的疟原虫和蚊子种类、测试的感染阶段、试验中人类参与者的年龄以及用于量化挥发物的方法。此外，支持寄生虫操纵假设的一个关键要求是确定操纵的成本，并理想地对其进行量化。
在揭示气味在增强疟原虫传播中的重要性方面已经取得了重大进展。然而，需要使用类似的方法进行更多的复制，以更好地定义涉及这种增强的气味参数。
