Hasan Shamimul, Saeed Shazina
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida 201313, India.
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 3;7(10):283. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100283.
The last few decades have witnessed an appalling rise in several emerging and re-emerging viral and zoonotic outbreaks. Such outbreaks are a lesson to learn from and seek insight into better disease monitoring and surveillance, thus preventing future outbreaks. Monkeypox, a viral zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus, may no longer be endemic to the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa. However, the current monkeypox outbreak in nonendemic countries is most likely due to failure to curb the disease dissemination in endemic African regions despite decades of constant outbreaks. The clinical manifestations are typified by a prodromal phase (fever, myalgia, malaise, and lymphadenopathy) followed by maculopapular or vesicular, or pustular cutaneous eruptions that eventually form encrustations and peel off. Children and the elderly, pregnant females, and individuals living with comorbidities (diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and lymphoproliferative ailments) are at a high risk of severe disease. Monkeypox is a self-limiting disorder, but its complications and pandemic potential signify its immense public health relevance. The recent ongoing monkeypox outbreak in nonendemic nations areas was identified with increased propensity in men who have sex with men (MSMs) with no travel history to endemic regions, emphasizing the changing trends in disease transmission. This review article provides an updated overview of the monkeypox disease taxonomy, pathogenesis, transmission, epidemiology, clinical and oral features, diagnostic aids, differential diagnosis, preventive aspects, and treatment protocol.
在过去几十年中，几种新出现和再次出现的病毒及人畜共患病疫情惊人地增加。此类疫情是值得吸取教训并深入了解如何更好地进行疾病监测和监视的案例，从而预防未来的疫情爆发。猴痘是一种由猴痘病毒引起的病毒性人畜共患病，可能不再局限于中非和西非的热带雨林地区。然而，目前在非流行国家爆发的猴痘疫情很可能是由于尽管几十年来疫情不断，但在非洲流行地区未能遏制该疾病的传播。其临床表现的典型特征是前驱期（发热、肌痛、不适和淋巴结病），随后是斑丘疹、水疱或脓疱性皮肤疹，最终形成结痂并脱落。儿童、老年人、孕妇以及患有合并症（糖尿病、艾滋病毒/艾滋病和淋巴增殖性疾病）的人患重病的风险很高。猴痘是一种自限性疾病，但其并发症和大流行潜力表明其具有极大的公共卫生意义。最近在非流行国家地区持续爆发的猴痘疫情显示，在没有前往流行地区旅行史的男男性行为者中发病倾向增加，这突出了疾病传播趋势的变化。这篇综述文章提供了猴痘疾病分类学、发病机制、传播、流行病学、临床和口腔特征、诊断辅助手段、鉴别诊断、预防措施及治疗方案的最新概述。
