Updating the Insecticide Resistance Status of and in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND

and are two important vectors of several important arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Insecticide application is an important approach to reduce vector abundance during -borne outbreaks in the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. However, insecticide overuse can result in the development of resistance, and careful monitoring of resistance markers is required.

METHODS

This meta-analysis and systematic review explored the spatial and temporal patterns of insecticide resistance in Asia from 2000 to 2021. PubMed, Scopus, EbscoHost, and Embase were used to enhance the search capability. The random-effects model was applied for the 94 studies that met our inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Four major insecticides were studied (malathion, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, permethrin, and deltamethrin). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance rates were high in both and (68% and 64%, respectively). Conversely, malathion resistance was less prevalent in (3%), and deltamethrin resistance was less common in (2%). displayed consistently high resistance rates (35%) throughout the study period, whereas the rate of insecticide resistance in increased from 5% to 12%. The rates of the major mutations F1534C, V1016G, and S989P were 29%, 26%, and 22%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Insecticide resistance in both and is widespread in Asia, although the rates vary by country. Continuous monitoring of the resistance markers and modification of the control strategies will be important for preventing unexpected outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided up-to-date information on insecticide resistance in dengue-endemic countries in Asia.