Water Caltrop ( Roxb.) Husk Improves Oxidative Stress and Postprandial Blood Glucose in Diabetes: Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities and α-Glycosidase Inhibition of Different Fractions with In Vitro and In Silico Analyses.

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities of three different phenolic fractions from water caltrop (Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.) husk and to further explore the predominant compounds and their mechanisms on α-glycosidase inhibition by virtual screening and molecular dynamics. A total of 29 substances were identified and quantified in this study. Tannins were the main constituents of water caltrop husk extract. All of the free phenolic (FP), esterified phenolic (EP) and insoluble-bound phenolic (BP) fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities, and the BP had the highest radical scavenging ability with IC50 values of 0.82 ± 0.12 μg/mL (ABTS) and 1.15 ± 0.02 μg/mL (DPPH), respectively (p < 0.05). However, compared with the EP and BP, the FP showed the strongest inhibition towards the α-glycosidase and the IC50 value of FP was 1.43 ± 0.12 μg/mL. The 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose and α-glycosidase complex had better root mean square deviations (RMSD) stability via molecular dynamics simulation study. Results obtained from this study may provide a good potential natural resource for the improvement of oxidative stress injury and blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus, which could expand the use of water caltrop husk and improve its economic value.