Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 14;23(20):12311. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012311.
Long coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the designation given to a novel syndrome that develops within a few months after infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and that is presenting with increasing incidence because of the numerous cases of infection. Long COVID-19 is characterized by a sequela of clinical symptoms that concern different organs and tissues, from nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems to skeletal muscle and cardiovascular apparatus. The main common molecular cause for all long COVID-19 facets appears to be related to immune dysregulations, the persistence of inflammatory status, epigenetic modifications, and alterations of neurotrophin release. The prevention and management of long COVID-19 are still inappropriate because many aspects need further clarification. Exercise is known to exert a deep action on molecular dysfunctions elicited by long COVID-19 depending on training intensity, duration, and continuity. Evidence suggests that it could improve the quality of life of long COVID-19 patients. This review explores the main clinical features and the known molecular mechanisms underlying long COVID-19 in the perspective of considering exercise as a co-medication in long COVID-19 management.
长期冠状病毒病 19（COVID-19）是指在感染严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）后几个月内发展出的一种新综合征，由于感染病例众多，其发病率不断上升。长期 COVID-19 的特征是一系列涉及不同器官和组织的临床症状，包括神经系统、呼吸系统、胃肠道和肾脏系统以及骨骼肌和心血管系统。所有长期 COVID-19 方面的主要共同分子原因似乎与免疫失调、炎症状态的持续存在、表观遗传修饰以及神经营养因子释放的改变有关。由于仍有许多方面需要进一步阐明，长期 COVID-19 的预防和管理仍然不合适。众所周知，运动根据训练强度、持续时间和连续性，对长期 COVID-19 引起的分子功能障碍产生深刻作用。有证据表明，它可以提高长期 COVID-19 患者的生活质量。本综述从考虑运动作为长期 COVID-19 管理中的辅助药物的角度，探讨了长期 COVID-19 的主要临床特征和已知的分子机制。
