Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, C/Compañía and 1-5, 37002 Salamanca, Spain.
Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Ctra. Valldemossa, km. 7'5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 19;19(20):13544. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013544.
Within the context of emergency situations, the terms witness or bystander are used to refer to individuals involved in oppressive incidents who are neither the victim nor the perpetrator. Among the different types of emergency situations, our study focuses on violence against women (VAW). In keeping with current efforts in the scientific literature on bystander intervention and the evidence currently available, the main focus of this study is to analyze some personal factors that reflect the characteristics or experiences of bystanders and that could have a bearing on their predisposition to help victims of VAW (i.e., empathy, a just world belief system, and expectations of self-efficacy) and later analyze the possible relationship between these personal characteristics and gender or previous experience as a VAW bystander. An opportunity sample of 546 Spanish participants (73.4% women and 26.6% men) between 18 and 56 years of age took part in this study and fill out a sociodemographic data sheet, a questionnaire to evaluate the experience as violence witness designed ad hoc, and the Characteristics of People who Help Questionnaire scale (CPHQ). The results obtained indicate that CPHQ could constitute an adequate measure for the three dimensions analyzed. Female participants are significantly more empathetic than males, but in the case of a just world belief and expectations of self-efficacy the results showed no gender-related differences. Additionally, only a just world belief was clearly influenced by having been a bystander to some form of VAW. In conclusion, this study contributes a proposal for an evaluating instrument featuring three relevant personal characteristics in the development of helping behaviors, presenting some results of interest regarding empathy, a just world belief, and expectations of self-efficacy and their relationship with gender or previous experiences as VAW bystanders. These results obtained suggest an initial path toward future research in the development of interventions with bystander participation in our environment.
在紧急情况下，术语“目击者”或“旁观者”用于指代处于压迫性事件中既不是受害者也不是施害者的个人。在不同类型的紧急情况中，我们的研究重点是针对妇女的暴力行为（VAW）。根据当前关于旁观者干预的科学文献以及现有证据，本研究的主要重点是分析一些反映旁观者特征或经历的个人因素，这些因素可能影响他们帮助 VAW 受害者的倾向（即同理心、公正世界信念系统和自我效能期望），并分析这些个人特征与性别或作为 VAW 旁观者的先前经验之间可能存在的关系。本研究的参与者是 546 名年龄在 18 至 56 岁之间的西班牙人（73.4%为女性，26.6%为男性），他们采用机会抽样法参与研究，并填写一份社会人口统计学数据表、一份专门设计的暴力目击者体验评估问卷和《助人者特征问卷》（CPHQ）。研究结果表明，CPHQ 可以作为分析的三个维度的有效测量工具。女性参与者比男性参与者更具有同理心，但在公正世界信念和自我效能期望方面，结果没有显示出性别差异。此外，只有公正世界信念明显受到作为某种形式 VAW 旁观者经历的影响。总之，本研究提出了一种评估工具的建议，该工具具有在帮助行为发展中三个相关的个人特征，提出了有关同理心、公正世界信念和自我效能期望及其与性别或作为 VAW 旁观者的先前经验的一些有趣结果。这些研究结果表明，在我们的环境中，未来的研究可以沿着未来的干预措施的发展方向进行。
