Wang Bo, Zhou Genyou, Guo Shiyang, Li Xiaohui, Yuan Jiaqi, Hu Anyong
Department of Food Crops, Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Science, Nantong 226012, China.
School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
Life (Basel). 2022 Oct 20;12(10):1653. doi: 10.3390/life12101653.
Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of rice. The application of N fertilizer has become one of the inevitable ways to increase rice yield due to insufficient soil N content. However, in order to achieve stable and high yield, farmers usually increase N fertilizer input without hesitation, resulting in a series of problems such as environmental pollution, energy waste and low production efficiency. For sustainable agriculture, improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to decrease N fertilizer input is imperative. In the present review, we firstly demonstrate the role of N in mediating root architecture, photosynthesis, metabolic balance, and yield components in rice. Furthermore, we further summarize the current agronomic practices for enhancing rice NUE, including balanced fertilization, the use of nitrification inhibitors and slow-release N fertilizers, the split application of N fertilizer, root zone fertilization, and so on. Finally, we discuss the recent advances of N efficiency-related genes with potential breeding value. These genes will contribute to improving the N uptake, maintain the N metabolism balance, and enhance the NUE, thereby breeding new varieties against low N tolerance to improve the rice yield and quality. Moreover, N-efficient varieties also need combine with precise N fertilizer management and advanced cultivation techniques to realize the maximum exploitation of their biological potential.
氮（N）是水稻生长发育的重要养分。由于土壤氮含量不足，施用氮肥已成为提高水稻产量的必然途径之一。然而，为了实现稳产高产，农民通常毫不犹豫地增加氮肥投入，导致一系列问题，如环境污染、能源浪费和生产效率低下。对于可持续农业而言，提高氮素利用效率（NUE）以减少氮肥投入势在必行。在本综述中，我们首先阐述了氮在调节水稻根系结构、光合作用、代谢平衡和产量构成方面的作用。此外，我们进一步总结了当前提高水稻氮素利用效率的农艺措施，包括平衡施肥、使用硝化抑制剂和缓释氮肥、氮肥分次施用、根区施肥等。最后，我们讨论了具有潜在育种价值的氮效率相关基因的最新进展。这些基因将有助于提高氮素吸收、维持氮代谢平衡和提高氮素利用效率，从而培育耐低氮新品种以提高水稻产量和品质。此外，氮高效品种还需要与精确的氮肥管理和先进的栽培技术相结合，以实现其生物潜力的最大发挥。
