UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 10;10:958857. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.958857. eCollection 2022.
During COVID-19, anti-Asian discrimination increased in attention. Hate and unfair treatment are related but do not completely overlap. We expect those who report a hate incident would also report race-based unfair treatment, yet feelings of social desirability or self-blame may lead to under-reporting of unfair treatment.
To describe reporting of an experience of race-based hate but not an experience of race-based unfair treatment among Asians in California and explore the association between this reporting discordance with (1) serious psychological distress, (2) forgoing needed medical care, (3) increased household interpersonal conflict, and (4) feeling unsafe in their neighborhood.
We used the 2020 California Health Interview Survey's AANHPI COVID Module, conducted weighted descriptive and multivariate analyses, and computed adjusted relative risks (RR). The multivariate models controlled for Asian subgroup, age, gender, immigrant status, education level, poverty, and English proficiency.
Among Asians who reported race-based hate (6.9% overall), 62.4% reported not experiencing race-based unfair treatment. Compared to Asians not reporting a hate incident, this "discordant" group was more likely to experience serious psychological distress (RR = 6.9), forgo necessary medical care (RR = 2.4), increased household interpersonal conflicts (RR = 2.7), and feel unsafe in their neighborhoods (RR = 3.0). The "concordant" group did not post significant effects for severe psychological distress nor forgoing necessary medical care.
Most Asians reporting hate did not report race-based unfair treatment, and this group is most affected by the consequences of a hate incident. We indicate future directions for research and policy.
在 COVID-19 期间，反亚裔歧视受到了更多关注。仇恨和不公平待遇是相关的，但并不完全重叠。我们预计那些报告仇恨事件的人也会报告基于种族的不公平待遇，但出于社会期望或自责的原因，可能会导致不公平待遇的报告不足。
描述在加利福尼亚州的亚裔中报告基于种族的仇恨经历但未报告基于种族的不公平待遇的情况，并探讨这种报告不一致性与以下情况之间的关联：（1）严重心理困扰，（2）放弃必要的医疗护理，（3）家庭内部人际冲突增加，以及（4）感到邻里不安全。
我们使用了 2020 年加利福尼亚健康访谈调查的 AANHPI COVID 模块，进行了加权描述性和多变量分析，并计算了调整后的相对风险（RR）。多变量模型控制了亚裔亚组、年龄、性别、移民身份、教育水平、贫困和英语熟练程度。
在报告基于种族的仇恨的亚裔中（总体为 6.9%），有 62.4%的人表示没有经历过基于种族的不公平待遇。与未报告仇恨事件的亚裔相比，这种“不一致”的群体更有可能经历严重的心理困扰（RR=6.9）、放弃必要的医疗护理（RR=2.4）、家庭内部人际冲突增加（RR=2.7）以及感到邻里不安全（RR=3.0）。“一致”群体在严重心理困扰或放弃必要医疗护理方面没有显著影响。
大多数报告仇恨的亚裔没有报告基于种族的不公平待遇，而这群人受到仇恨事件的影响最大。我们指出了未来研究和政策的方向。
