hnRNP K Degrades Viral Nucleocapsid Protein and Induces Type I IFN Production to Inhibit Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a re-emerging enteric coronavirus currently spreading in several nations and inflicting substantial financial damages on the swine industry. The currently available coronavirus vaccines do not provide adequate protection against the newly emerging viral strains. It is essential to study the relationship between host antiviral factors and the virus and to investigate the mechanisms underlying host immune response against PEDV infection. This study shows that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), the host protein determined by the transcription factor KLF15, inhibits the replication of PEDV by degrading the nucleocapsid (N) protein of PEDV in accordance with selective autophagy. hnRNP K was found to be capable of recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase, MARCH8, aiming to ubiquitinate N protein. Then, it was found that the ubiquitinated N protein could be delivered into autolysosomes for degradation by the cargo receptor NDP52, thereby inhibiting PEDV proliferation. Moreover, based on the enhanced MyD88 expression, we found that hnRNP K activated the interferon 1 (IFN-1) signaling pathway. Overall, the data obtained revealed a new mechanism of hnRNP K-mediated virus restriction wherein hnRNP K suppressed PEDV replication by degradation of viral N protein using the autophagic degradation pathway and by induction of IFN-1 production based on upregulation of MyD88 expression. The spread of the highly virulent PEDV in many countries is still leading to several epidemic and endemic outbreaks. To elucidate effective antiviral mechanisms, it is important to study the relationship between host antiviral factors and the virus and to investigate the mechanisms underlying host immune response against PEDV infection. In the work, we detected hnRNP K as a new host restriction factor which can hinder PEDV replication through degrading the nucleocapsid protein based on E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 and the cargo receptor NDP52. In addition, via the upregulation of MyD88 expression, hnRNP K could also activate the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. This study describes a previously unknown antiviral function of hnRNP K and offers a new vision toward host antiviral factors that regulate innate immune response as well as a protein degradation pathway against PEDV infection.