猪流感病毒的传播选择了在 HA 基因上的适应性突变。

Transmission of Human Influenza A Virus in Pigs Selects for Adaptive Mutations on the HA Gene.

机构信息

Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgiagrid.213876.9, Athens, Georgia, USA.

Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, ARS-USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA.

出版信息

J Virol. 2022 Nov 23;96(22):e0148022. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01480-22. Epub 2022 Nov 1.

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (FLUAV) cause respiratory diseases in many host species, including humans and pigs. The spillover of FLUAV between swine and humans has been a concern for both public health and the swine industry. With the emergence of the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) constellation, establishment of human-origin FLUAVs in pigs has become more common, leading to increased viral diversity. However, little is known about the adaptation processes that are needed for a human-origin FLUAV to transmit and become established in pigs. We generated a reassortant FLUAV (VIC11pTRIG) containing surface gene segments from a human FLUAV strain and internal gene segments from the 2009 pandemic and TRIG FLUAV lineages and demonstrated that it can replicate and transmit in pigs. Sequencing and variant analysis identified three mutants that emerged during replication in pigs, which were mapped near the receptor binding site of the hemagglutinin (HA). The variants replicated more efficiently in differentiated swine tracheal cells compared to the virus containing the wildtype human-origin HA, and one of them was present in all contact pigs. These results show that variants are selected quickly after replication of human-origin HA in pigs, leading to improved fitness in the swine host, likely contributing to transmission. Influenza A viruses cause respiratory disease in several species, including humans and pigs. The bidirectional transmission of FLUAV between humans and pigs plays a significant role in the generation of novel viral strains, greatly impacting viral epidemiology. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes that allow human FLUAV to become established in pigs. In this study, we generated reassortant viruses containing human seasonal HA and neuraminidase (NA) on different constellations of internal genes and tested their ability to replicate and transmit in pigs. We demonstrated that a virus containing a common internal gene constellation currently found in U.S. swine was able to transmit efficiently via the respiratory route. We identified a specific amino acid substitution that was fixed in the respiratory contact pigs that was associated with improved replication in primary swine tracheal epithelial cells, suggesting it was crucial for the transmissibility of the human virus in pigs.

摘要

甲型流感病毒(FLUAV)可引起多种宿主物种的呼吸道疾病,包括人类和猪。FLUAV 在猪与人之间的溢出一直是公共卫生和养猪业关注的问题。随着三重重配内部基因(TRIG)组合的出现,猪中建立了更多的人源 FLUAV,导致病毒多样性增加。然而,对于人源 FLUAV 需要经历哪些适应过程才能在猪中传播并建立起来,人们知之甚少。我们生成了一种重组 FLUAV(VIC11pTRIG),它包含了一个人源 FLUAV 株的表面基因片段和 2009 年大流行和 TRIG FLUAV 谱系的内部基因片段,并证明它可以在猪中复制和传播。测序和变异分析确定了在猪中复制时出现的三个突变体,它们位于血凝素(HA)的受体结合位点附近。与含有野生型人源 HA 的病毒相比,这些变体在分化的猪气管细胞中的复制效率更高,其中一个变体存在于所有接触猪中。这些结果表明,在猪中复制人源 HA 后,很快就会选择出变体,从而提高了猪宿主中的适应性,可能有助于传播。

甲型流感病毒可引起几种物种的呼吸道疾病,包括人类和猪。FLUAV 在人类和猪之间的双向传播在新型病毒株的产生中起着重要作用,极大地影响了病毒的流行病学。然而,对于人源 FLUAV 如何在猪中建立起来的进化过程知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们生成了含有不同内部基因组合的人季节性 HA 和神经氨酸酶(NA)的重组病毒,并测试了它们在猪中的复制和传播能力。我们证明,一种含有目前在美国猪中常见的内部基因组合的病毒能够通过呼吸道途径有效地传播。我们确定了一个在呼吸道接触猪中固定的特定氨基酸取代,该取代与在原代猪气管上皮细胞中的复制能力提高有关,表明它对人源病毒在猪中的传播至关重要。

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