Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China.
Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Dec;106(23):7721-7735. doi: 10.1007/s00253-022-12245-x. Epub 2022 Nov 2.
Prodiginines are a large family of microbial secondary metabolites with a core structure of tripyrrole rings. They exhibit not only diverse chemical structures but also rich biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-algae, anti-parasitic, pesticides, and UV radiation resistance. The preferred cytotoxicity to cancer cells rather than normal cells indicates a good biological selectivity and safety, which makes the prodiginines promising candidates for drug development and novel additives for food processing. Until now, 33 prodiginine natural products have been identified in various bacteria, including Serratia, Hahella, Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio, Zooshikella, Streptomyces, and Actinomadura. However, most efforts are still focused on the star molecule prodigiosin, while little yet is known about other prodiginine members, which retards the research and application of prodiginine compounds. To gain insight into the prodiginine family, we reviewed the recent discoveries on their chemical structures, biosynthesis, biological activities, and mechanisms of action. We believe this article will provide a guideline for new research on prodiginines, such as the discovery of new congeners and drug development. KEY POINTS: • The prodiginines are a large family of natural products with a core structure of tripyrrole rings and exhibit various bioactivities. • The prodiginines have a widespread distribution among many environmental microbes and diverse biosynthetic pathways, indicating important ecological roles and a great potential for new congeners. • The potent biological activities and good selectivity of action make prodiginines good lead compounds for drug development.
普洛地青是一大类微生物次生代谢产物，其核心结构为三吡咯环。它们不仅具有多样的化学结构，而且还具有丰富的生物活性，如抗癌、抗菌、抗藻、抗寄生虫、抗农药和抗紫外线辐射等。对癌细胞的偏好毒性而非正常细胞表明了良好的生物选择性和安全性，这使得普洛地青成为药物开发和食品加工新型添加剂的有前途的候选物。到目前为止，已经在各种细菌中鉴定出 33 种普洛地青天然产物，包括沙雷氏菌、海栖热袍菌、假交替单胞菌、弧菌、齐氏假单胞菌、链霉菌和马杜拉放线菌。然而，大多数研究仍集中在明星分子普洛地青素上，而对其他普洛地青成员的了解甚少，这阻碍了普洛地青化合物的研究和应用。为了深入了解普洛地青家族，我们综述了它们的化学结构、生物合成、生物活性和作用机制的最新发现。我们相信，本文将为普洛地青的新研究提供指导，例如新同系物的发现和药物开发。关键点：
普洛地青是一大类具有三吡咯环核心结构的天然产物，具有多种生物活性。
普洛地青在许多环境微生物中广泛分布，具有多种生物合成途径，表明其具有重要的生态作用和产生新同系物的巨大潜力。
普洛地青具有强大的生物活性和良好的作用选择性，使其成为药物开发的良好先导化合物。
