Raman mapping of piezoelectric poly(l-lactic acid) films for force sensors.

Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) is a synthetic, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer with good piezoelectric properties. The prepared PLLA films were annealed in the oven at 140 °C for 0 h, 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h, respectively. The influences of temperature treatment time on the optoelectronic properties of the PLLA films and piezoelectric sensors based on them were investigated. The morphology and crystal structure of the PLLA films obtained under various post-processing conditions were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The micromechanical equipment for tension-compression measurements was built in the laboratory for the tested piezoelectric sensors. The analysis of the structure shows that the increase in the crystallite size of the PLLA film influences the growth of the piezoelectric signal of the sensors based on them. The vibrational analysis of the PLLA films confirmed their crystal structure. The improvement in the structure and the stretching of the dipole C[double bond, length as m-dash]O for the film obtained after 3 h treatment increased the piezoelectric properties of the PLLA films. The analysis of Raman mapping added information that the area of the ordered phase of the PLLA films depends on the time of temperature treatment. The maximum value of the piezoelectric signal was 0.98 mV for sensors prepared on films annealed for 3 h at a load of 20 N. For films without temperature annealing at the same load, the maximum value was 0.45 mV. Thus, efficient converters of mechanical energy into electrical energy were obtained, which opens new innovative perspectives for the creation of flexible pressure sensors based on PLLA.