Wołyniec Wojciech, Szwarc Andrzej, Kasprowicz Katarzyna, Zorena Katarzyna, Jaskulak Marta, Renke Marcin, Naczyk Marta, Ratkowski Wojciech
Division of Occupational, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Department of Sport Sciences, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland.
Front Physiol. 2022 Oct 20;13:841056. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841056. eCollection 2022.
The proper fluid and carbohydrates intake is essential before and during physical exercise, and for this reason most athletes drink beverages containing a high amount of free sugars. Sweetened soft drinks are also commonly consumed by those not doing any sport, and this habit seems to be both unhealthy and also the cause of metabolic problems. Recently, several sweeteners have been proposed to replace sugars in popular beverages. To examine the impact of free sugars and the popular sweetener xylitol on metabolic profile and the markers of kidney function and injury after exercise the present study was conducted with semi-professional football players. All participants were healthy, with a mean age of 21.91 years. Their sports skills were on the level of the 4th-5th division of the league. The subjects took part in four football training sessions. During each session they drank a 7% solution of sugar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) or xylitol. The tolerability of these beverages and well-being during exercise was monitored. Before and after each training session, blood and urine were collected. The markers of kidney function and injury, uric acid, electrolytes, complete blood count, CRP, serum albumin, serum glucose and the lipid profile were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that the xylitol beverage is the least tolerated during exercise and 38.89% of participants experienced diarrhea after training and xylitol intake. Xylitol also led to unfavorable metabolic changes and a large increase in uric acid and creatinine levels. A mean increase of 1.8 mg/dl in the uric acid level was observed after xylitol intake. Increases in acute kidney injury markers were observed after all experiments, but changes in urine albumin and cystatin C were highest after xylitol. The other three beverages (containing "free sugars" - glucose, fructose and sucrose) had a similar impact on the variables studied, although the glucose solution seems to have some advantages over other beverages. The conclusion is that sweeteners are not a good alternative to sugars, especially during exercise. Pure water without sweeteners should be drunk by those who need to limit their calorie consumption. ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT04310514).
在体育锻炼之前和期间，适当摄入液体和碳水化合物至关重要，因此大多数运动员会饮用含有大量游离糖的饮料。不进行任何运动的人也普遍饮用甜味软饮料，而这种习惯似乎既不健康，也是代谢问题的成因。最近，有人提出用几种甜味剂来替代流行饮料中的糖。为了研究游离糖和流行甜味剂木糖醇对运动后代谢状况以及肾功能和损伤标志物的影响，本研究以半职业足球运动员为对象展开。所有参与者均身体健康，平均年龄为21.91岁。他们的运动技能处于联赛第四至第五级别水平。受试者参加了四次足球训练课程。在每次课程期间，他们饮用了7%的糖溶液（蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖）或木糖醇溶液。监测了这些饮料的耐受性以及运动期间的身体状况。在每次训练课程前后，采集了血液和尿液样本。分析了肾功能和损伤标志物、尿酸、电解质、全血细胞计数、CRP、血清白蛋白、血糖以及血脂谱。本研究的主要发现是，木糖醇饮料在运动期间耐受性最差，38.89%的参与者在训练和摄入木糖醇后出现腹泻。木糖醇还导致了不利的代谢变化以及尿酸和肌酐水平大幅升高。摄入木糖醇后，尿酸水平平均升高了1.8mg/dl。在所有实验后均观察到急性肾损伤标志物增加，但木糖醇摄入后尿白蛋白和胱抑素C的变化最为显著。其他三种饮料（含有“游离糖”——葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖）对所研究的变量有类似影响，尽管葡萄糖溶液似乎比其他饮料具有一些优势。结论是，甜味剂并非糖的良好替代品，尤其是在运动期间。需要限制热量摄入的人应该饮用不含甜味剂的纯净水。ClinicalTrials.gov，（NCT04310514）
