Shokrollahi Parya, Hasani Alka, Aghazadeh Mohammad, Memar Mohammad Yousef, Hasani Akbar, Zaree Maryam, Rezaee Mohammad Ahangarzadeh, Sadeghi Javid
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2022 Oct 29;2022:9916255. doi: 10.1155/2022/9916255. eCollection 2022.
Different clones of community-acquired methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA) are dominating geographically. One of the significant, hypervirulent, CA-MRSA and a significant health concern clones is USA3000, found worldwide regionally with varying frequencies. The clone harbors several mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including, arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and copper and mercury resistance genes (COMER), accomplished by horizontal gene transfer from . Evidence suggests that ACME and COMER have a more prominent role in enhancing biofilm capacity and ultimately persistent infections. This review highlights the comprehensive view on ACME and COMER structure, their distribution, and the mechanism of action along with pathogenetic features of USA3000 encompassing their role in biofilm formation, adhesion, quorum sensing, resistance to antibiotics, chemotaxis, and nutrient uptake. We also provided an insight into the role of ACME and COMER genes in the survival of bacterium. Our results shed light on the emergence of two independent clones possessing ACME (North American) and COMER (South American) elements which later disseminated to other regions. ACME and COMER both are adjacent to staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (SCCmec IV). The acquisition of mecA, followed by COMER or ACME has been shown as a significant factor in the rise and fall of MRSA strains and their complex ability to adapt to hostile environments. The presence of ACME increases fitness, thereby allowing bacteria to colonize the skin and mucous membrane while COMER contributes to genetic stability by knocking over the copper-mediated killing in macrophages. Evidence suggests that ACME and COMER have a more prominent role in enhancing biofilm capacity and ultimately persistent infections. Interestingly, ACME strains have been shown to possess the ability to counteract skin acidity, thereby allowing increased skin colonization. A profound understanding of MGEs in plays an important role in the prevention of epidemic clones.
社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（CA-MRSA）的不同克隆在地理上占据主导地位。其中一个重要的、高毒力的CA-MRSA克隆以及一个重大的健康问题克隆是USA3000，在世界各地不同频率地被发现。该克隆含有多种移动遗传元件（MGEs），包括精氨酸分解代谢移动元件（ACME）和铜汞抗性基因（COMER），这些元件通过水平基因转移获得。有证据表明，ACME和COMER在增强生物膜形成能力以及最终导致持续性感染方面发挥着更突出的作用。本综述重点介绍了关于ACME和COMER结构、它们的分布、作用机制以及USA3000的致病特征的全面观点，包括它们在生物膜形成、黏附、群体感应、抗生素耐药性、趋化性和营养摄取中的作用。我们还深入探讨了ACME和COMER基因在细菌存活中的作用。我们的研究结果揭示了两个分别拥有ACME（北美）和COMER（南美）元件的独立克隆的出现，它们后来传播到了其他地区。ACME和COMER都与IV型葡萄球菌盒式染色体mec（SCCmec IV）相邻。mecA的获得，随后是COMER或ACME的获得已被证明是MRSA菌株兴衰及其适应恶劣环境的复杂能力的一个重要因素。ACME的存在提高了适应性，从而使细菌能够在皮肤和黏膜上定植，而COMER通过消除巨噬细胞中铜介导的杀伤作用来促进遗传稳定性。有证据表明，ACME和COMER在增强生物膜形成能力以及最终导致持续性感染方面发挥着更突出的作用。有趣的是，已证明携带ACME的菌株具有抵抗皮肤酸性的能力，从而增加了皮肤定植。深入了解CA-MRSA中的移动遗传元件在预防流行克隆方面起着重要作用。
