Ahmad Faraz, Varghese Ressin, Panda Subhrajita, Ramamoorthy Siva, Areeshi Mohammad Y, Fagoonee Sharmila, Haque Shafiul
Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
Cancers (Basel). 2022 Nov 1;14(21):5389. doi: 10.3390/cancers14215389.
Despite their low prevalence, brain tumors are among the most lethal cancers. They are extremely difficult to diagnose, monitor and treat. Conventional anti-cancer strategies such as radio- and chemotherapy have largely failed, and to date, the development of even a single effective therapeutic strategy against central nervous system (CNS) tumors has remained elusive. There are several factors responsible for this. Brain cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable origins, biochemical properties and degrees of invasiveness. High-grade gliomas are amongst the most metastatic and invasive cancers, which is another reason for therapeutic failure in their case. Moreover, crossing the blood brain and the blood brain tumor barriers has been a significant hindrance in the development of efficient CNS therapeutics. Cancer nanomedicine, which encompasses the application of nanotechnology for diagnosis, monitoring and therapy of cancers, is a rapidly evolving field of translational medicine. Nanoformulations, because of their extreme versatility and manipulative potential, are emerging candidates for tumor targeting, penetration and treatment in the brain. Moreover, suitable nanocarriers can be commissioned for theranostics, a combinatorial personalized approach for simultaneous imaging and therapy. This review first details the recent advances in novel bioengineering techniques that provide promising avenues for circumventing the hurdles of delivering the diagnostic/therapeutic agent to the CNS. The authors then describe in detail the tremendous potential of utilizing nanotechnology, particularly nano-theranostics for brain cancer imaging and therapy, and outline the different categories of recently developed next-generation smart nanoformulations that have exceptional potential for making a breakthrough in clinical neuro-oncology therapeutics.
尽管脑肿瘤的发病率较低，但却是最致命的癌症之一。它们极难诊断、监测和治疗。传统的抗癌策略，如放疗和化疗，大多已失败，而且迄今为止，针对中枢神经系统（CNS）肿瘤开发哪怕一种有效的治疗策略仍难以实现。造成这种情况有几个因素。脑癌是一组异质性疾病，起源、生化特性和侵袭程度各不相同。高级别胶质瘤是转移性和侵袭性最强的癌症之一，这也是其治疗失败的另一个原因。此外，跨越血脑屏障和血脑肿瘤屏障一直是高效中枢神经系统治疗药物开发的重大障碍。癌症纳米医学是一个快速发展的转化医学领域，它涵盖了纳米技术在癌症诊断、监测和治疗中的应用。纳米制剂由于其极强的多功能性和可操控潜力，正成为脑肿瘤靶向、渗透和治疗的新兴候选物。此外，可以委托合适的纳米载体用于治疗诊断，这是一种同时进行成像和治疗的组合式个性化方法。本综述首先详细介绍了新型生物工程技术的最新进展，这些技术为克服将诊断/治疗剂递送至中枢神经系统的障碍提供了有前景的途径。作者随后详细描述了利用纳米技术，特别是纳米治疗诊断学进行脑癌成像和治疗的巨大潜力，并概述了最近开发的下一代智能纳米制剂的不同类别，这些制剂在临床神经肿瘤治疗方面具有实现突破的确切潜力。
