Ren Ruohua, Lim Chiaxin, Li Shiqi, Wang Yajun, Song Jiangning, Lin Tsung-Wu, Muir Benjamin W, Hsu Hsien-Yi, Shen Hsin-Hui
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Nov 1;12(21):3855. doi: 10.3390/nano12213855.
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide. With an ever-reducing pipeline of last-resort drugs further complicating the current dire situation arising due to antibiotic resistance, there has never been a greater urgency to attempt to discover potential new antibiotics. The use of nanotechnology, encompassing a broad range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials, offers promising solutions. Organic nanomaterials, including lipid-, polymer-, and carbon-based nanomaterials, have inherent antibacterial activity or can act as nanocarriers in delivering antibacterial agents. Nanocarriers, owing to the protection and enhanced bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs, have the ability to enable an increased concentration of a drug to be delivered to an infected site and reduce the associated toxicity elsewhere. On the other hand, inorganic metal-based nanomaterials exhibit multivalent antibacterial mechanisms that combat MDR bacteria effectively and reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance. These nanomaterials have great potential for the prevention and treatment of MDR bacterial infection. Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology are enabling researchers to utilize nanomaterial building blocks in intriguing ways to create multi-functional nanocomposite materials. These nanocomposite materials, formed by lipid-, polymer-, carbon-, and metal-based nanomaterial building blocks, have opened a new avenue for researchers due to the unprecedented physiochemical properties and enhanced antibacterial activities being observed when compared to their mono-constituent parts. This review covers the latest advances of nanotechnologies used in the design and development of nano- and nanocomposite materials to fight MDR bacteria with different purposes. Our aim is to discuss and summarize these recently established nanomaterials and the respective nanocomposites, their current application, and challenges for use in applications treating MDR bacteria. In addition, we discuss the prospects for antimicrobial nanomaterials and look forward to further develop these materials, emphasizing their potential for clinical translation.
多重耐药（MDR）细菌引起的感染正成为全球公共卫生的严重威胁。由于最后手段药物的研发渠道不断减少，使得当前因抗生素耐药性而产生的严峻形势更加复杂，因此，尝试发现潜在的新型抗生素比以往任何时候都更加紧迫。纳米技术的应用，涵盖了广泛的有机和无机纳米材料，提供了有前景的解决方案。有机纳米材料，包括脂质基、聚合物基和碳基纳米材料，具有固有的抗菌活性，或者可以作为纳米载体来递送抗菌剂。纳米载体由于能够保护封装的药物并提高其生物利用度，有能力将更高浓度的药物递送至感染部位，并降低其他部位的相关毒性。另一方面，无机金属基纳米材料表现出多价抗菌机制，能有效对抗多重耐药细菌并减少细菌耐药性的发生。这些纳米材料在预防和治疗多重耐药细菌感染方面具有巨大潜力。纳米技术领域的最新进展使研究人员能够以有趣的方式利用纳米材料构建模块来创建多功能纳米复合材料。这些由脂质基、聚合物基、碳基和金属基纳米材料构建模块形成的纳米复合材料，由于与其单一组分相比具有前所未有的物理化学性质和增强的抗菌活性，为研究人员开辟了一条新途径。本综述涵盖了用于设计和开发具有不同用途的纳米材料和纳米复合材料以对抗多重耐药细菌的纳米技术的最新进展。我们的目的是讨论和总结这些最近建立的纳米材料及其各自的纳米复合材料、它们目前的应用以及在治疗多重耐药细菌应用中的挑战。此外，我们还讨论了抗菌纳米材料的前景，并期待进一步开发这些材料，强调它们在临床转化方面的潜力。
