Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain.
Unidad de Gestión Clínica Área del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
Nutrients. 2022 Nov 3;14(21):4650. doi: 10.3390/nu14214650.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain major health problems worldwide and commonly coexist in individuals. Gut microbial metabolites, such as trimethylamine -oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of these patients and the prebiotic effects of some components of the Mediterranean diet. Essential oil emulsions of savory (), parsley () and rosemary () were assessed as nutraceuticals and prebiotics in IHD and T2DM. Humanized mice harboring gut microbiota derived from that of patients with IHD and T2DM were supplemented with L-carnitine and orally treated with essential oil emulsions for 40 days. We assessed the effects on gut microbiota composition and abundance, microbial metabolites and plasma markers of cardiovascular disease, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our results showed that essential oil emulsions in mice supplemented with L-carnitine have prebiotic effects on beneficial commensal bacteria, mainly genus. There was a decrease in plasma TMAO and an increase in fecal SCFAs levels in mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils. Thrombomodulin levels were increased in mice treated with savory and parsley essential oils. While mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils showed a decrease in plasma cytokines (INFɣ, TNFα, IL-12p70 and IL-22); savory essential oil was associated with increased levels of chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL11). Finally, there was a decrease in protein carbonyls and pentosidine according to the essential oil emulsion. These results suggest that changes in the gut microbiota induced by essential oils of parsley, savory and rosemary as prebiotics could differentially regulate cardiovascular and metabolic factors, which highlights the potential of these nutraceuticals for reducing IHD risk in patients affected by T2DM.
缺血性心脏病 (IHD) 和 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 仍然是全球主要的健康问题，并且通常在个体中共存。肠道微生物代谢产物，如三甲胺氧化物 (TMAO) 和短链脂肪酸 (SCFAs)，与心血管和代谢疾病有关。先前的研究报告了这些患者肠道微生物群的失调以及地中海饮食某些成分的益生元作用。我们评估了作为 IHD 和 T2DM 的营养保健品和益生元的芳香牛至（）、欧芹（）和迷迭香（）的精油乳液。用人源化小鼠携带源自 IHD 和 T2DM 患者的肠道微生物群，并补充肉碱并口服用精油乳液处理 40 天。我们评估了对肠道微生物群组成和丰度、微生物代谢物和心血管疾病、炎症和氧化应激的血浆标志物的影响。我们的结果表明，补充肉碱的小鼠中的精油乳液对有益共生菌具有益生元作用，主要是 属。用欧芹和迷迭香精油处理的小鼠血浆 TMAO 减少，粪便 SCFAs 水平增加。用牛至和欧芹精油处理的小鼠血栓调节蛋白水平升高。虽然用欧芹和迷迭香精油处理的小鼠显示血浆细胞因子（INFɣ、TNFα、IL-12p70 和 IL-22）减少；牛至精油与趋化因子（CXCL1、CCL2 和 CCL11）水平升高有关。最后，根据精油乳液，蛋白质羰基和戊糖胺减少。这些结果表明，作为益生元的欧芹、牛至和迷迭香精油对肠道微生物群的改变可能会差异化调节心血管和代谢因素，这突显了这些营养保健品在降低 T2DM 患者 IHD 风险方面的潜力。
