Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(13):4286-4311. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2140331. Epub 2022 Nov 16.
Extensive use of α-pinene in cosmetics, and medicine, especially for its antioxidant/antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties, and also as a flavoring agent, has made it a versatile product. α-Pinene (one of the two pinene isomers) is the most abundant terpene in nature. When extracting α-pinene from plants and, to a lesser extent, fruits, given that its purity is essential, purification methods should also be used as described in this study. Also, an attempt has been made to describe the extraction techniques of α-pinene, carried out by conventional and novel methods. Some disadvantages of conventional methods (such as hydrodistillation or solvent extraction) are being time consuming, low capacity per batch and being labor intensive and the requirement of trained operators. Most novel methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, can reduce the extraction time, cost, and energy compared to conventional methods, and, in fact, the extraction and preservation efficiency of α-pinene in these methods is higher than conventional methods. Although the above-mentioned extraction methods are effective, they still require rather long extraction times. In fact, advanced methods such as green and solvent-free ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction are much more efficient than microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction because the extraction efficiency and separation of α-pinene in these methods are higher; furthermore, no solvent consumption and maximum extraction efficiency are some crucial advantages of these techniques. However, the application of some novel methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, in industry scale is still problematic because of their intricate design data.
α-蒎烯在化妆品和医学中的广泛应用，特别是由于其抗氧化/抗菌和抗癌特性，以及作为调味剂，使其成为一种多功能产品。α-蒎烯（两种蒎烯异构体之一）是自然界中最丰富的萜烯。从植物中提取α-蒎烯时，尤其是从水果中提取时，由于其纯度至关重要，因此还应使用本研究中描述的纯化方法。此外，还尝试描述了α-蒎烯的提取技术，这些技术是通过常规和新型方法进行的。常规方法（例如水蒸馏或溶剂萃取）存在一些缺点，例如耗时、批次产量低、劳动强度大以及需要经过培训的操作人员。大多数新型方法，例如超临界流体萃取和微波辅助萃取，可以与常规方法相比减少提取时间、成本和能源，实际上，这些方法中α-蒎烯的提取和保存效率高于常规方法。尽管上述提取方法有效，但仍需要相当长的提取时间。实际上，像绿色无溶剂超声微波辅助提取这样的先进方法比微波辅助提取和超声辅助提取更有效，因为这些方法中α-蒎烯的提取效率和分离效率更高；此外，这些技术没有溶剂消耗，并且具有最高的提取效率是它们的一些关键优势。然而，由于其复杂的设计数据，一些新型方法（例如超声辅助提取）在工业规模上的应用仍然存在问题。
