Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 21;12(1):20020. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24692-7.
In this study, the glyphosate toxicity and the toxicity-reducing role of bitter melon extract (Bmex) (Momordica charantia L.) were investigated in Allium cepa L. test material. The toxicity of glyphosate and protective role of Bmex were investigated with the help of physiological (germination, root elongation and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index-MI, micronucleus-MN and chromosomal abnormalities-CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT) and anatomical (root meristem cell damage) parameters. The genotoxicity mechanism of glyphosate was elucidated by spectral analysis. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five applications. Tap water was applied to the bulbs in the control group for 72 h. Glyphosate (500 mg/L) and two different doses of Bmex (350 and 700 mg/L) were applied to the bulbs in the treatment group for 72 h. At the end of the period, the germinated bulbs were prepared for experimental analyses, measurements and observations by applying routine preparation procedures. As a result, glyphosate administration caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all selected physiological parameter values, and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the number of cytogenetic parameters (except MI), the levels of biochemical parameters and the severity of anatomical damage. Glyphosate promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin in root tip meristem cells. By spectral analysis, it was determined that glyphosate interacts directly with DNA and causes genotoxicity. It also caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, binuclear cell and irregular vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Co-administration of glyphosate with Bmex at two different doses (350 and 700 mg/L) reduced the toxicity of glyphosate and led to significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all parameters examined. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 700 mg/L dose of Bmex. As a result, it was determined that glyphosate herbicide caused multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa test material, and Bmex reduced the effects of this toxicity due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, glyphosate dose ranges need to be reconsidered, especially considering non-target organisms in agricultural applications. In addition, antioxidant products such as Bmex should be included in the daily diet in order to reduce the toxic effects of environmental agents such as pesticides.
在这项研究中，我们研究了 glyphosate 毒性以及苦瓜提取物（Bmex）（Momordica charantia L.）对其的解毒作用。借助生理（发芽、根伸长和体重增加）、细胞遗传学（有丝分裂指数-MI、微核-MN 和染色体异常-CAs）、生化（丙二醛-MDA、超氧化物歧化酶-SOD 和过氧化氢酶-CAT）和解剖学（根尖细胞损伤）参数，研究了 glyphosate 的毒性和 Bmex 的保护作用。通过光谱分析阐明了 glyphosate 的遗传毒性机制。将洋葱鳞茎分为六组，一组为对照，五组为处理。对照组的鳞茎用自来水处理 72 小时。处理组的鳞茎用 glyphosate（500mg/L）和两种不同剂量的 Bmex（350 和 700mg/L）处理 72 小时。在实验结束时，通过应用常规的准备程序，对发芽的鳞茎进行实验分析、测量和观察。结果表明，glyphosate 的给药导致所有选定的生理参数值显著降低（p<0.05），细胞遗传学参数数量显著增加（除 MI 外）、生化参数水平和解剖损伤严重程度。glyphosate 促进根尖分生组织细胞中染色体异常，如片段、粘性染色体、桥和染色质不均匀分布。通过光谱分析，确定 glyphosate 与 DNA 直接相互作用，导致遗传毒性。它还导致根尖分生组织细胞中表皮细胞损伤、皮层细胞损伤、核扁平化、双核细胞和不规则血管组织等解剖损伤。在两个不同剂量（350 和 700mg/L）下，glyphosate 与 Bmex 联合给药可降低 glyphosate 的毒性，并导致所有检查参数值的显著改善（p<0.05）。在 700mg/L 剂量的 Bmex 时，这种改善更为明显。因此，确定 glyphosate 除草剂在洋葱测试材料中引起多维毒性，Bmex 由于其抗氧化特性降低了这种毒性的影响。因此，需要重新考虑 glyphosate 的剂量范围，特别是在农业应用中考虑非靶标生物。此外，应在日常饮食中加入 Bmex 等抗氧化产品，以减少环境因素如农药的毒性影响。
