Bozkurt Aleyna, Yalçın Emine, Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin
Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 21;15(1):30776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16685-z.
This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of carbaryl at environmentally relevant concentrations on the non-target organism Allium cepa L. and to investigate the potential protective effects of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna) leaf extract (Ca-ex) against this toxicity. Germination parameters, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), comet assays, and spectral shift analyses were employed to assess both toxic and protective effects. Oxidative stress parameters were also investigated. A plant-based bioassay was conducted using root tips and leaves of A. cepa. Exposure to 0.3 µg/L carbaryl resulted in a 41% reduction in germination, a 22% decrease in cell proliferation, and significant increases in DNA fragmentation, MN, CAs, and anatomical damage. Both the decrease in MI rates and the significant increase in MN frequency indicate the cytotoxic effect of carbaryl. In the groups in which Ca-ex was administered together with carbaryl, MI rates increased again and MN frequency decreased, and these findings indicate the protective effect of Ca-ex. Exposure to carbaryl resulted in a significant decrease in chlorophyll levels and a significant increase in malondialdehyde, proline, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. Administration of Ca-ex in combination with carbaryl improved the oxidative stress parameter levels. The mitigating effect of the extract is likely associated with its phenolic content, and LC-MS/MS analysis identified quercetin, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid as major components. While the findings provide promising evidence that C. angustifolia extract can mitigate carbaryl-induced toxicity in A. cepa, it is important to highlight that this study primarily focused on the protective effects in a non-target plant model. Future investigations should aim to explore the compatibility of such extracts with pesticide formulations, their effects on target pests, and their regulatory and economic feasibility in agricultural systems.
本研究旨在评估环境相关浓度的西维因对非靶标生物洋葱（Allium cepa L.）的毒性，并研究狭叶决明（Cassia angustifolia Vahl.，番泻叶）叶提取物（Ca-ex）对这种毒性的潜在保护作用。采用发芽参数、有丝分裂指数（MI）、微核（MN）、染色体畸变（CAs）、彗星试验和光谱位移分析来评估毒性和保护作用。还研究了氧化应激参数。使用洋葱的根尖和叶片进行了基于植物的生物测定。暴露于0.3 µg/L的西维因导致发芽率降低41%，细胞增殖减少22%，DNA片段化、微核、染色体畸变和解剖损伤显著增加。MI率的降低和微核频率的显著增加均表明西维因具有细胞毒性作用。在将Ca-ex与西维因一起给药的组中，MI率再次升高，微核频率降低，这些结果表明Ca-ex具有保护作用。暴露于西维因导致叶绿素水平显著降低，丙二醛、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶水平显著升高。将Ca-ex与西维因联合给药可改善氧化应激参数水平。提取物的缓解作用可能与其酚类成分有关，液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）分析确定槲皮素、对香豆酸和阿魏酸为主要成分。虽然这些发现提供了有希望的证据，表明狭叶决明提取物可以减轻西维因对洋葱的毒性，但重要的是要强调，本研究主要关注在非靶标植物模型中的保护作用。未来的研究应旨在探索此类提取物与农药制剂的相容性、它们对靶标害虫的影响以及它们在农业系统中的监管和经济可行性。
