Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1396:215-232. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_15.
Protein-energy malnutrition is a state of disordered catabolism resulting from metabolic derangements or starvation. It is associated with chronic disease, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, serious infections, and even an increased prevalence of morbidity and mortality in countries with poor socioeconomic or environmental factors. Adequate food administration is essential to satisfy the main caloric and nutritional demands of humans. The most significant factors seen in the development of protein-energy malnutrition in areas of high incidence, such as underdeveloped countries, are inadequate food and nutrient supplies. It has been well established that one of the strategies to alleviate undernourishment is the biofortification of staple crops. This is because vegetables and plants are significant sources of crucial nutrients for human growth and development. To enhance plant nutrition, recent tactics aim to formulated balanced and diverse diets with acceptable levels of vitamins and minerals that benefit human health. New advances in plant biotechnology and animal productivity could control key enzymes in several metabolic pathways, enriching important nutrients such as iron and vitamins and decreasing the content of disadvantageous compounds such as acrylamide-forming amino acids and phytic acids. Numerous biofortified crops such as rice, maize, and wheat have been created to resolve the problem of nutrition deficiencies. Some examples of these methodologies are genome editing engineered nucleases, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated Cas9 endonuclease which have been created and widely studied for their application, efficiency, and specificity.
蛋白质-能量营养不良是一种代谢紊乱导致的分解代谢紊乱状态，或由饥饿引起。它与慢性疾病、低血糖、低体温、严重感染有关，甚至在社会经济或环境因素较差的国家，发病率和死亡率也会增加。适当的食物管理对于满足人体的主要热量和营养需求至关重要。在高发病率地区，如发展中国家，导致蛋白质-能量营养不良发展的最重要因素是食物和营养供应不足。人们已经充分认识到，缓解营养不良的策略之一是对主食进行生物强化。这是因为蔬菜和植物是人类生长和发育所需关键营养物质的重要来源。为了提高植物的营养，最近的策略旨在制定均衡多样的饮食，其中包含可接受水平的维生素和矿物质，以有益于人类健康。植物生物技术和动物生产力的新进展可以控制几种代谢途径中的关键酶，丰富铁和维生素等重要营养物质，降低丙烯酰胺形成氨基酸和植酸等不利化合物的含量。已经开发了许多生物强化作物，如水稻、玉米和小麦，以解决营养不足问题。其中一些方法的例子是基因组编辑工程核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶、锌指核酸酶和簇状规则间隔短回文重复序列及其相关的 Cas9 内切酶，这些方法已经被创造出来并广泛研究其应用、效率和特异性。
