Gene Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death globally and urgently require new novel therapeutic strategies. Gene therapy is the application of gene modulation technology to treat abnormal gene expression under disease conditions. Viral- and nonviral-based gene delivery systems are the foundation of gene modulation in target cells. Moreover, plasmid- or oligo-based gene modulation tools as well as new advancements in gene editing using CRISPR/Cas technology are currently being tested in a variety of clinical trials. Here, we summarized state-of-the-art gene therapy technologies as well as recent clinical trials and discuss the applications and lessons of gene therapy in CVDs.