Rizwan Hafiz Muhammad, Khan Muhammad Kasib, Mughal Muhammad Adnan Sabir, Abbas Zaheer, Abbas Rao Zahid, Sindhu Zia Ud Din, Sajid Muhammad Sohail, Ain Qurat Ul, Abbas Asghar, Zafar Arsalan, Imran Muhammad, Aqib Amjad Islam, Nadeem Muhammad
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan.
Health Officer in Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada.
J Parasit Dis. 2022 Dec;46(4):1164-1175. doi: 10.1007/s12639-022-01519-w. Epub 2022 Jul 23.
Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus i.e. and and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds. To purge undesirable foreign agents, immune system produces a variety of molecules and cells that ultimately neutralize target particles in healthy organisms. However; when this particular system compromises, infection develops and the load of pathogens along with their virulence factors overcome both; innate and adaptive immune systems. Livestock and poultry sectors are important part of agriculture industry worldwide. Due to excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, pathogens have developed resistance against these agents leading to the great economic losses. Numerous therapeutic approaches are in routine process for the treatment and prevention of various ailments but irrational use of antibiotics/chemicals has raised alarming concerns, like the development of drug resistant strains, residual effects in ultimate users and environmental pollution. These problems have led to the development of alternatives. In this regard, anticoccidial vaccine can be used as an alternative but due to high cost of production, plant derived biological response modifiers and antioxidants compounds are considered as a promising alternative. This review summarizes the immunotherapeutic effects of different compounds particularly with reference to avian coccidiosis.
禽球虫病是由艾美耳属（即柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫等）引起的，每年给家禽业造成30亿美元的经济损失，并降低禽类的生长性能。为了清除不良外来因子，免疫系统会产生多种分子和细胞，最终在健康生物体中中和目标颗粒。然而，当这个特定系统受损时，感染就会发生，病原体及其毒力因子的负荷会压倒先天免疫和适应性免疫系统。畜禽养殖部门是全球农业产业的重要组成部分。由于化疗药物的过度使用，病原体已对这些药物产生耐药性，导致巨大的经济损失。目前有许多治疗方法用于治疗和预防各种疾病，但抗生素/化学品的不合理使用引发了令人担忧的问题，如耐药菌株的出现、对最终使用者的残留影响以及环境污染。这些问题促使人们寻求替代方案。在这方面，抗球虫疫苗可作为一种替代方案，但由于生产成本高昂，植物来源的生物反应调节剂和抗氧化剂化合物被认为是一种有前途的替代方案。本综述总结了不同化合物的免疫治疗效果，特别是针对禽球虫病的情况。
