Hensawang Supanad, Chanpiwat Penradee
Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (Interdisciplinary Program), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Oct 31;189(11):599. doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-6321-8.
Consumption of contaminated food is a major route of exposure to toxic contaminants for humans. To protect against potential negative health effects from rice consumption, As and Cd concentrations in rice sold in Bangkok were determined, and non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments were conducted. Four types of rice (n = 97), namely, white jasmine, white, glutinous, and brown jasmine, were collected. Samples were acid-digested and analyzed for total concentrations of As and Cd by ICP-MS. The average concentrations of As and Cd were 0.205 ± 0.008 and 0.019 ± 0.001 mg kg, respectively. Approximately 22.8, 62.5, and 57.1% of white, white jasmine, and brown jasmine rice, respectively, contained As concentrations exceeding the Codex inorganic As standards for polished and unpolished rice. Brown jasmine rice contained significantly higher As concentrations than the other types of rice. However, Cd concentrations in all rice samples were significantly lower than the Codex standard of 0.4 mg kg. Children are exposed to the highest amounts of both elements. Concerning As exposure through the consumption of different types of rice in the same age group, the consumption of brown jasmine rice caused approximately 1.7 to 2.3 times higher As exposure rates compared to the consumption of other types of rice. Non-carcinogenic risks (hazard quotient (HQ)) of As exposure from all types of rice were higher than the threshold limit of 1. HQ in children ranging from 2.1 to 4.9 was significantly higher than HQ in the other age groups. The cancer risks from As exposure were negligible in all groups.
食用受污染食物是人类接触有毒污染物的主要途径。为防止食用大米可能对健康产生的负面影响，测定了曼谷市售大米中的砷（As）和镉（Cd）含量，并进行了非致癌和致癌风险评估。收集了四种类型的大米（n = 97），即白茉莉香米、白米、糯米和糙茉莉香米。样品经酸消解后，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）分析As和Cd的总含量。As和Cd的平均含量分别为0.205±0.008和0.019±0.001 mg/kg。白米、白茉莉香米和糙茉莉香米中，分别约有22.8%、62.5%和57.1%的大米砷含量超过了食品法典委员会对糙米和精米中无机砷的标准。糙茉莉香米的砷含量显著高于其他类型的大米。然而，所有大米样品中的镉含量均显著低于食品法典委员会规定的0.4 mg/kg的标准。儿童对这两种元素的接触量最高。在同一年龄组中，就食用不同类型大米导致的砷暴露而言，食用糙茉莉香米的砷暴露率比食用其他类型大米高出约1.7至2.3倍。所有类型大米砷暴露的非致癌风险（危害商数（HQ））均高于阈值1。儿童的HQ在2.1至4.9之间，显著高于其他年龄组。所有组中因砷暴露导致的癌症风险可忽略不计。
