John Clyde, Jain Kaahini, Masanam Hema Brindha, Narasimhan Ashwin Kumar, Natarajan Arutselvan
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Micromachines (Basel). 2022 Dec 14;13(12):2217. doi: 10.3390/mi13122217.
The targeted delivery of cancer immunotherapies has increased noticeably in recent years. Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly in blocking the immune checkpoints (ICs) axis, have shown favorable treatment outcomes for multiple types of cancer including melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSLC). Engineered micromachines, including microparticles, and nanoplatforms (organic and inorganic), functionalized with immune agonists can effectively deliver immune-targeting molecules to solid tumors. This review focuses on the nanomaterial-based strategies that have shown promise in identifying and targeting various immunological markers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanomaterials-based cancer immunotherapy has improved treatment outcomes by triggering an immune response in the TME. Evaluating the expression levels of ICs in the TME also could potentially aid in diagnosing patients who would respond to IC blockade therapy. Detecting immunological checkpoints in the TME using noninvasive imaging systems via tailored nanosensors improves the identification of patient outcomes in immuno-oncology (IO). To enhance patient-specific analysis, lab-on-chip (LOC) technology is a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate way of recapitulating the TME. Such novel nanomaterial-based technologies have been of great interest for testing immunotherapies and assessing biomarkers. Finally, we provide a perspective on the developments in artificial intelligence tools to facilitate ICs-based nano theranostics toward cancer immunotherapy.
近年来，癌症免疫疗法的靶向递送显著增加。免疫疗法的最新进展，特别是在阻断免疫检查点（ICs）轴方面，已显示出对包括黑色素瘤和非小细胞肺癌（NSLC）在内的多种癌症具有良好的治疗效果。工程化微机器，包括微粒和纳米平台（有机和无机），用免疫激动剂功能化后，可以有效地将免疫靶向分子递送至实体瘤。本综述重点关注基于纳米材料的策略，这些策略在识别和靶向肿瘤微环境（TME）中的各种免疫标志物以用于癌症诊断和治疗方面已显示出前景。基于纳米材料的癌症免疫疗法通过在TME中触发免疫反应改善了治疗效果。评估TME中ICs的表达水平也可能有助于诊断对IC阻断疗法有反应的患者。通过定制纳米传感器使用非侵入性成像系统检测TME中的免疫检查点，可改善免疫肿瘤学（IO）中患者预后的识别。为了加强患者特异性分析，芯片实验室（LOC）技术是一种快速、经济高效且准确的重现TME的方法。这种基于新型纳米材料的技术在测试免疫疗法和评估生物标志物方面引起了极大兴趣。最后，我们对人工智能工具的发展提供了一个观点，以促进基于ICs的纳米诊疗技术用于癌症免疫治疗。
