Carhart-Harris R L, Chandaria S, Erritzoe D E, Gazzaley A, Girn M, Kettner H, Mediano P A M, Nutt D J, Rosas F E, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Weiss B, Zeifman R J, Friston K J
Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK.
Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, UK; Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK.
Neuropharmacology. 2023 Mar 15;226:109398. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398. Epub 2022 Dec 27.
This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types of plasticity, an early one that we call 'TEMP' for 'Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity', and another, we call 'canalization', which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to 'precision' or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of 'plasticity' describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that 'pathological' phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP - combined with gently guiding psychological support - can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications. This article is part of the Special Issue on "National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series".
这篇理论文章复兴了一个经典的桥梁结构——“渠化”，以描述一种精神病理学一般因素的新模型。为实现这一目标，我们区分了两种类型的可塑性，一种早期的可塑性，我们称之为“TEMP”，即“温度或熵介导的可塑性”，另一种我们称之为“渠化”，它类似于赫布可塑性。这两种可塑性形式最容易通过它们与“精度”或逆方差的关系来区分；TEMP与模型方差增加或精度降低有关，而渠化则相反。TEMP还包括学习率增加、（伊辛）温度和熵增加。“可塑性”的词典定义将其描述为易于塑造或成型的特性；TEMP更符合这一定义。重要的是，我们提出“病理性”表型是通过渠化机制或模型精度提高而发展的，作为对逆境及相关痛苦或烦躁不安的防御反应。我们的模型指出，渠化在精神病理学中根深蒂固，随着个体在其病理方面发展出专长，表型状态空间会变窄。我们认为，TEMP——结合温和引导的心理支持——可以对抗渠化。我们探讨了渠化何时以及是否具有适应性或适应不良性的问题，为我们的模型提供了基础神经科学和人类神经科学方面的参考文献，并提供了具体的实验和措施来检验其主要假设和影响。本文是“美国国立卫生研究院裸盖菇素研究演讲系列”特刊的一部分。
