Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
Department Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2023;439:265-303. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_8.
Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic. Current knowledge about the biology of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and antennaviruses is very limited and their zoonotic potential is unknown. In contrast, some mammarenaviruses are associated with zoonotic events that pose a threat to human health. This review will focus on mammarenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. Some mammarenaviruses including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are excellent experimental model systems for the investigation of acute and persistent viral infections, whereas others including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa fever (LF) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), respectively, are important human pathogens. Mammarenaviruses were thought to have high degree of intra-and inter-species amino acid sequence identities, but recent evidence has revealed a high degree of mammarenavirus genetic diversity in the field. Moreover, closely related mammarenavirus can display dramatic phenotypic differences in vivo. These findings support a role of genetic variability in mammarenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review the molecular biology of mammarenaviruses, phylogeny, and evolution, as well as the quasispecies dynamics of mammarenavirus populations and their biological implications.
Antennavirus、Hartmanivirus、Mammarenavirus 和 Reptarenavirus。Reptarenaviruses 和 hartmaniviruses 感染（圈养）蛇，并已被证明会引起蟒包涵体病（BIBD）。Antennaviruses 的基因组由 3 个而非 2 个片段组成，是通过下一代测序在真骨鱼中发现的，但尚未报告生物学分离株。Mammarenaviruses 的宿主主要是啮齿动物，感染通常无症状。目前对 Reptarenaviruses、Hartmaniviruses 和 Antennaviruses 的生物学了解非常有限，其人畜共患病潜力未知。相比之下，一些 Mammarenaviruses 与人畜共患事件有关，这些事件对人类健康构成威胁。这篇综述将集中讨论 Mammarenavirus 的遗传多样性及其生物学意义。一些 Mammarenaviruses，包括淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒（LCMV），是研究急性和持续性病毒感染的优秀实验模型系统，而其他一些 Mammarenaviruses，包括拉沙（LASV）和胡宁（JUNV）病毒，分别是拉沙热（LF）和阿根廷出血热（AHF）的病原体，是重要的人类病原体。Mammarenaviruses 被认为具有高度的种内和种间氨基酸序列同一性，但最近的证据表明，该领域存在高度的 Mammarenavirus 遗传多样性。此外，密切相关的 Mammarenavirus 在体内可表现出显著的表型差异。这些发现支持遗传变异性在 Mammarenavirus 适应性和发病机制中的作用。在这里，我们将回顾 Mammarenaviruses 的分子生物学、系统发育和进化，以及 Mammarenavirus 种群的准种动力学及其生物学意义。
