Automated Bowel Sound and Motility Analysis with CNN Using a Smartphone.

Bowel sound (BS) is receiving more attention as an indicator of gut health since it can be acquired non-invasively. Current gut health diagnostic tests require special devices that are limited to hospital settings. This study aimed to develop a prototype smartphone application that can record BS using built-in microphones and automatically analyze the sounds. Using smartphones, we collected BSs from 100 participants (age 37.6 ± 9.7). During screening and annotation, we obtained 5929 BS segments. Based on the annotated recordings, we developed and compared two BS recognition models: CNN and LSTM. Our CNN model could detect BSs with an accuracy of 88.9% andan F measure of 72.3% using cross evaluation, thus displaying better performance than the LSTM model (82.4% accuracy and 65.8% F measure using cross validation). Furthermore, the BS to sound interval, which indicates a bowel motility, predicted by the CNN model correlated to over 98% with manual labels. Using built-in smartphone microphones, we constructed a CNN model that can recognize BSs with moderate accuracy, thus providing a putative non-invasive tool for conveniently determining gut health and demonstrating the potential of automated BS research.