Guglas Kacper, Kozłowska-Masłoń Joanna, Kolenda Tomasz, Paszkowska Anna, Teresiak Anna, Bliźniak Renata, Lamperska Katarzyna
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2022 Dec 29;27(6):1077-1093. doi: 10.5603/RPOR.a2022.0123. eCollection 2022.
Most of the human genome is made out of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs do not code for proteins but carry a vast number of important functions in human cells such as: modification and processing other RNAs (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, miRNAs), help in the synthesis of ribosome proteins, initiation of DNA replication, regulation of transcription, processing of pre-messenger mRNA during its maturation and much more. The ncRNAs also have a significant impact on many events that occur during carcinogenesis in cancer cells, such as: regulation of cell survival, cellular signaling, apoptosis, proliferation or even influencing the metastasis process. The ncRNAs may be divided based on their length, into short and long, where 200 nucleotides is the "magic" border. However, a new division was proposed, suggesting the creation of the additional group called midsize noncoding RNAs, with the length ranging from 50-400 nucleotides. This new group may include: transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) with 7SK and 7SL, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) and YRNAs. In this review their structure, biogenesis, function and influence on carcinogenesis process will be evaluated. What is more, a question will be answered of whether this new division is a necessity that clears current knowledge or just creates an additional misunderstanding in the ncRNA world?
人类基因组的大部分由非编码RNA（ncRNA）构成。这些ncRNA并不编码蛋白质，但在人类细胞中发挥着大量重要功能，例如：修饰和加工其他RNA（转运RNA、核糖体RNA、小核RNA、核仁小RNA、微小RNA），协助核糖体蛋白的合成，启动DNA复制，调控转录，在信使前体mRNA成熟过程中对其进行加工等等。ncRNA对癌细胞癌变过程中发生的许多事件也有重大影响，比如：调控细胞存活、细胞信号传导、细胞凋亡、增殖，甚至影响转移过程。ncRNA可根据其长度分为短链和长链，200个核苷酸是这个“神奇”的界限。然而，有人提出了一种新的分类方式，建议增设一个名为中-sized非编码RNA的类别，其长度范围为50至400个核苷酸。这个新类别可能包括：转运RNA（tRNA）、带有7SK和7SL的小核RNA（snRNA）、核仁小RNA（snoRNA）、小卡哈尔体特异性RNA（scaRNA）和YRNA。在这篇综述中，将对它们的结构、生物发生、功能以及对癌变过程的影响进行评估。此外，还将回答一个问题，即这种新的分类方式是澄清当前知识的必要之举，还是仅仅在ncRNA领域制造了另一个误解？
