Phytochemical Screening, Toxic Effects, and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf (Poaceae) Rhizome Extracts against Selected Uropathogenic Microorganisms.

In Kenya, the rhizome's decoction is traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly gonorrhea and candidiasis. UTIs are the most severe public health problems that affect over one hundred and fifty million people worldwide annually. They are caused by a wide range of microorganisms where is known to be the main causative pathogen. Medicinal plants are used in traditional Kenya set up for treatment and most recently as an alternative source of treatment for UTIs due to the increased cost of treatment and many challenges experienced with antibiotic therapy. The current study is designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antimicrobial activity of rhizome extracts against , , , and . The rhizomes of were obtained, dried, ground, and extracted using water and organic solvents. The phytochemical assay was carried out using standard phytochemical screening methods. Single-dose toxicity studies were done to determine LD while disk diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques were used to determine antimicrobial activity. Results revealed that saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenes were present in the powder, aqueous, methanol, and dichloromethane : methanol extracts. All the extracts had an LD of above 2,000 mg/kg of body weight and there was no observation of behavioral changes. Also, the aqueous and methanol extracts revealed antifungal activity against with the lowest average minimum zone of inhibition at MIC of 31.25 mg/ml. The study did not reveal antibacterial activity for any extract against the studied uropathogenic bacteria, , , and The results from the current study suggested that rhizome aqueous and methanol extracts have potential antifungal activity against , thus validating the folklore of its use to treat candidiasis.