Department of Electrical Engineering, Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE-AI), Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan.
PLoS One. 2023 Jan 20;18(1):e0278110. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278110. eCollection 2023.
The increasing deployment and exploitation of distributed renewable energy source (DRES) units and battery energy storage systems (BESS) in DC microgrids lead to a promising research field currently. Individual DRES and BESS controllers can operate as grid-forming (GFM) or grid-feeding (GFE) units independently, depending on the microgrid operational requirements. In standalone mode, at least one controller should operate as a GFM unit. In grid-connected mode, all the controllers may operate as GFE units. This article proposes a consensus-based energy management system based upon Model Predictive Control (MPC) for DRES and BESS individual controllers to operate in both configurations (GFM or GFE). Energy management system determines the mode of power flow based on the amount of generated power, load power, solar irradiance, wind speed, rated power of every DG, and state of charge (SOC) of BESS. Based on selection of power flow mode, the role of DRES and BESS individual controllers to operate as GFM or GFE units, is decided. MPC hybrid cost function with auto-tuning weighing factors will enable DRES and BESS converters to switch between GFM and GFE. In this paper, a single hybrid cost function has been proposed for both GFM and GFE. The performance of the proposed energy management system has been validated on an EU low voltage benchmark DC microgrid by MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation and also compared with Proportional Integral (PI) & Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique. It has been noted that as compared to PI & SMC, MPC technique exhibits settling time of less than 1μsec and 5% overshoot.
分布式可再生能源（DRES）单元和电池储能系统（BESS）在直流微电网中的日益部署和利用导致了当前一个很有前景的研究领域。根据微电网的运行要求，单个 DRES 和 BESS 控制器可以独立作为电网形成（GFM）或电网供电（GFE）单元运行。在独立模式下，至少有一个控制器应作为 GFM 单元运行。在并网模式下，所有控制器都可以作为 GFE 单元运行。本文提出了一种基于模型预测控制（MPC）的共识型能量管理系统，用于 DRES 和 BESS 单个控制器在两种配置（GFM 或 GFE）中运行。能量管理系统根据发电量、负载功率、太阳辐照度、风速、每个 DG 的额定功率和 BESS 的荷电状态（SOC）的多少来确定功率流模式。根据功率流模式的选择，决定 DRES 和 BESS 单个控制器作为 GFM 或 GFE 单元运行的角色。具有自动调整权重因子的 MPC 混合成本函数将使 DRES 和 BESS 变流器在 GFM 和 GFE 之间切换。本文提出了一种用于 GFM 和 GFE 的单一混合成本函数。通过 MATLAB/SIMULINK 仿真对所提出的能量管理系统的性能进行了验证，并与比例积分（PI）和滑模控制（SMC）技术进行了比较。结果表明，与 PI 和 SMC 相比，MPC 技术的稳定时间小于 1μs，超调量为 5%。
