Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Cell Commun Signal. 2023 Jan 23;21(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-01029-5.
Grainyhead like 2 (GRHL2) is an essential transcription factor for development and function of epithelial tissues. It has dual roles in cancer by supporting tumor growth while suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT). GRHL2 cooperates with androgen and estrogen receptors (ER) to regulate gene expression. We explore genome wide GRHL2 binding sites conserved in three ER⍺/GRHL2 positive luminal breast cancer cell lines by ChIP-Seq. Interaction with the ER⍺/FOXA1/GATA3 complex is observed, however, only for a minor fraction of conserved GRHL2 peaks. We determine genome wide transcriptional dynamics in response to loss of GRHL2 by nascent RNA Bru-seq using an MCF7 conditional knockout model. Integration of ChIP- and Bru-seq pinpoints candidate direct GRHL2 target genes in luminal breast cancer. Multiple connections between GRHL2 and proliferation are uncovered, including transcriptional activation of ETS and E2F transcription factors. Among EMT-related genes, direct regulation of CLDN4 is corroborated but several targets identified in other cells (including CDH1 and ZEB1) are ruled out by both ChIP- and Bru-seq as being directly controlled by GRHL2 in luminal breast cancer cells. Gene clusters correlating positively (including known GRHL2 targets such as ErbB3, CLDN4/7) or negatively (including TGFB1 and TGFBR2) with GRHL2 in the MCF7 knockout model, display similar correlation with GRHL2 in ER positive as well as ER negative breast cancer patients. Altogether, this study uncovers gene sets regulated directly or indirectly by GRHL2 in luminal breast cancer, identifies novel GRHL2-regulated genes, and points to distinct GRHL2 regulation of EMT in luminal breast cancer cells. Video Abstract.
粒头样蛋白 2(GRHL2)是上皮组织发育和功能所必需的转录因子。它在癌症中具有双重作用,既能支持肿瘤生长,又能抑制上皮间质转化(EMT)。GRHL2 与雄激素和雌激素受体(ER)合作调节基因表达。我们通过 ChIP-Seq 探索了三个 ERα/GRHL2 阳性腔乳腺癌细胞系中保守的全基因组 GRHL2 结合位点。观察到与 ERα/FOXA1/GATA3 复合物相互作用,但仅在一小部分保守的 GRHL2 峰中观察到。我们使用 MCF7 条件性敲除模型通过新生 RNA Bru-seq 确定了 GRHL2 缺失后全基因组的转录动力学。ChIP-和 Bru-seq 的整合确定了腔乳腺癌中候选的直接 GRHL2 靶基因。揭示了 GRHL2 与增殖之间的多种联系,包括 ETS 和 E2F 转录因子的转录激活。在 EMT 相关基因中,直接调控 CLDN4 得到了证实,但其他细胞(包括 CDH1 和 ZEB1)中鉴定的多个靶标被 ChIP-和 Bru-seq 排除,因为它们在腔乳腺癌细胞中不是由 GRHL2 直接控制的。与 MCF7 敲除模型中 GRHL2 呈正相关(包括已知的 GRHL2 靶标如 ErbB3、CLDN4/7)或负相关(包括 TGFB1 和 TGFBR2)的基因簇在 ER 阳性和 ER 阴性乳腺癌患者中与 GRHL2 也显示出相似的相关性。总的来说,这项研究揭示了在腔乳腺癌中由 GRHL2 直接或间接调控的基因集,确定了新的 GRHL2 调控基因,并指出了 GRHL2 在腔乳腺癌细胞中 EMT 的不同调控。
Cell Commun Signal. 2023-1-23
Int J Mol Sci. 2023-1-28
J Biol Chem. 2013-6-29
J Cell Biochem. 2017-9
Cancer Res. 2012-2-29
Int J Biol Sci. 2024
Cell Death Dis. 2024-10-14
Cancers (Basel). 2024-8-21
Int J Mol Sci. 2022-6-2
Nucleic Acids Res. 2022-1-7
Br J Cancer. 2021-1
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019-5-20