Interpreting results from Rasch analysis 1. The "most likely" measures coming from the model.

The present article summarises the characteristics of Rasch's theory, providing an original metrological model for persons' measurements. Properties describing the person "as a whole" are key outcome variables in Medicine. This is particularly true in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, targeting the person's interaction with the outer world. Such variables include independence, pain, fatigue, balance, and the like. These variables can only be observed through behaviours of various complexity, deemed representative of a given "latent" person's property. So how to infer its "quantity"? Usually, behaviours (items) are scored ordinally, and their "raw" scores are summed across item lists (questionnaires). The limits and flaws of scores (i.e., multidimensionality, non-linearity) are well known, yet they still dominate the measurement in Medicine. Through Rasch's theory and statistical analysis, scores are transformed and tested for their capacity to respect fundamental measurement axioms. Rasch analysis returns the linear measure of the person's property ("ability") and the item's calibrations ("difficulty"), concealed by the raw scores. The difference between a person's ability and item difficulty determines the probability that a "pass" response is observed. The discrepancy between observed scores and the ideal measures (i.e., the residual) invites diagnostic reasoning. In a companion article, advanced applications of Rasch modelling are illustrated. Implications for rehabilitationQuestionnaires' ordinal scores are poor approximations of measures. The Rasch analysis turns questionnaires' scores into interval measures, provided that its assumptions are respected.Thanks to the Rasch analysis, accurate measures of independence, pain, fatigue, cognitive capacities and other whole person's variables of paramount importance in rehabilitation are available.The current work is addressed to rehabilitation professionals looking for an introduction to interpreting published results based on Rasch analysis.The first of a series of two, the present article illustrates the most common graphic and numeric outputs found in published papers presenting the Rasch analysis of questionnaires.