Division of Systems Medicine & Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 17;24(3):1853. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031853.
Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Women with low estrogen, as exemplified by those in postmenopause, are therefore prone to suffer from various disorders, i.e., cardiovascular disease, dementia, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, frailty, and so on. Estrogen regulates the expression of its target genes by binding to its cognate receptors, estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β. Notably, the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β, and γ are originally identified as orphan receptors that share substantial structural homology and common transcriptional targets with ERs. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERs and ERRs play crucial roles in skeletal muscles, such as muscle mass maintenance, muscle exercise physiology, and muscle regeneration. In this article, we review potential regulatory roles of ERs and ERRs in muscle physiology, particularly with regard to mitochondrial function and metabolism.
雌激素是一种必需的性激素，主要在女性生殖系统以及具有多种组织和器官的系统中发挥作用，具有多种作用，如心血管、神经、免疫和肌肉骨骼系统。雌激素水平低的女性，如绝经后女性，因此容易患上各种疾病，如心血管疾病、痴呆、代谢综合征、骨质疏松症、肌肉减少症、虚弱等。雌激素通过与同源受体雌激素受体（ERs）α和β结合来调节其靶基因的表达。值得注意的是，雌激素相关受体（ERRs）α、β和γ最初被确定为孤儿受体，它们与 ERs 具有大量结构同源性和共同的转录靶标。越来越多的证据表明，ERs 和 ERRs 在骨骼肌中发挥着重要作用，如维持肌肉质量、肌肉运动生理学和肌肉再生。在本文中，我们综述了 ERs 和 ERRs 在肌肉生理学中的潜在调节作用，特别是在与线粒体功能和代谢有关的方面。
