Abid Monis Bin, Wahab Roswanira Abdul, Salam Mohamed Abdel, Gzara Lassaad, Moujdin Iqbal Ahmed
Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
Heliyon. 2023 Jan 9;9(2):e12810. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12810. eCollection 2023 Feb.
Water is a critical component for humans to survive, especially in arid lands or areas where fresh water is scarce. Hence, desalination is an excellent way to effectuate the increasing water demand. Membrane distillation (MD) technology entails a membrane-based non-isothermal prominent process used in various applications, for instance, water treatment and desalination. It is operable at low temperature and pressure, from which the heat demand for the process can be sustainably sourced from renewable solar energy and waste heat. In MD, the water vapors are gone through the membrane's pores and condense at permeate side, rejecting dissolved salts and non-volatile substances. However, the efficacy of water and biofouling are the main challenges for MD due to the lack of appropriate and versatile membrane. Numerous researchers have explored different membrane composites to overcome the above-said issue, and attempt to develop efficient, elegant, and biofouling-resistant novel membranes for MD. This review article addresses the 21st-century water crises, desalination technologies, principles of MD, the different properties of membrane composites alongside compositions and modules of membranes. The desired membrane characteristics, MD configurations, role of electrospinning in MD, characteristics and modifications of membranes used for MD are also highlighted in this review.
水是人类生存的关键要素，尤其在干旱地区或淡水稀缺的区域。因此，海水淡化是满足不断增长的用水需求的绝佳方式。膜蒸馏（MD）技术是一种基于膜的非等温显著过程，应用于各种领域，例如水处理和海水淡化。它可在低温低压下运行，该过程所需的热量能够可持续地来自可再生太阳能和废热。在膜蒸馏过程中，水蒸气通过膜的孔隙并在渗透侧冷凝，从而截留溶解的盐分和非挥发性物质。然而，由于缺乏合适且通用的膜，水的效率和生物污染是膜蒸馏面临的主要挑战。众多研究人员探索了不同的膜复合材料以克服上述问题，并尝试开发用于膜蒸馏的高效、优质且抗生物污染的新型膜。这篇综述文章论述了21世纪的水危机、海水淡化技术、膜蒸馏原理、膜复合材料的不同特性以及膜的组成和组件。本综述还强调了所需的膜特性、膜蒸馏配置、静电纺丝在膜蒸馏中的作用、用于膜蒸馏的膜的特性及改性。
