Pourhassan Jasmin, Sarginson Jane, Hitzl Wolfgang, Richter Kneginja
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Nuernberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
Front Neurol. 2023 Feb 6;13:872761. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.872761. eCollection 2022.
Sleep disruption (SD) increases sympathetic activity and cortisol secretion, and delays cognitive functions such as reaction-time (RT). Sympathetic activity of disturbed sleepers, is similar to those of so-called decision-reinvesters. Decision-reinvestment refers to traits in individuals with greater tendency to ruminate and reinvest in their decisions, with significant decrease in both motor-control and cognitive performance. Decision-making quality is a crucial attribute to athletic performance which relies on RT. Consequently, SD affects pitch-performance negatively, particularly in decision-reinvesters. This observational pilot-study examined the relationship between SD and cognitive function, perceived health, as well as reinvestment strategies. The hypothesis was that athletes with lower SD perceive their health better, report lower stress levels, perform better in cognitive tasks, and show lower tendency for decision-reinvestment.
Twenty-one football player recorded their sleep with fit-trackers for 7 nights. Participants self-reported their mental and physical health, decision-reinvestment strategy, sleep behaviour, and perceived stress levels. Athletes then performed a set of cognitive tests to examine memory function (Backwards Corsi), selective attention (STROOP), and cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST). Normality was tested with a Shapiro-Wilk test, and analysed with a Pearson's or Spearman's correlation test.
Significant correlation appeared between extended sleep-interruptions and Backwards Corsi RT, r = 0.66, = 0.010, as further in total sleep time and wellbeing r = 0.50, = 0.029. A negative correlation exist in regard of pain scores and Backwards Corsi scores r = -0.57, = 0.110. Physical health correlated with error-rates in the WCST, r = 0.69, ≤ 0.001. Also, reinvestment negatively correlated with physical health, r = -0.80, ≤ 0.001.
Wellbeing relies on total sleep-time. Athletes with extended sleep-interruptions are slower in recalling memory, and those with greater reported pain have lower memory scores. Participants who rate physical health greater, have more error-rates in the WCST; indicating that cognitive flexibility is enhanced in individuals with inferior perceived health. However, individuals with lower physical health scores also have greater tendency to ruminate and reinvest in decisions, suggesting interrelation between reinvestment and physical health.
睡眠中断（SD）会增加交感神经活动和皮质醇分泌，并延迟诸如反应时间（RT）等认知功能。睡眠受干扰者的交感神经活动与所谓的决策再投资者相似。决策再投资是指个体中更倾向于反复思考并对其决策进行再投资的特质，同时运动控制和认知表现都会显著下降。决策质量是依赖于反应时间的运动表现的关键属性。因此，睡眠中断会对运动表现产生负面影响，尤其是在决策再投资者中。这项观察性初步研究考察了睡眠中断与认知功能、感知健康以及再投资策略之间的关系。假设是睡眠中断较少的运动员对自身健康的感知更好，报告的压力水平更低，在认知任务中表现更好，并且决策再投资的倾向更低。
21名足球运动员使用健身追踪器记录了7晚的睡眠情况。参与者自我报告了他们的心理和身体健康状况、决策再投资策略、睡眠行为以及感知到的压力水平。然后运动员进行了一组认知测试，以检查记忆功能（反向科西任务）、选择性注意力（斯特鲁普任务）和认知灵活性（威斯康星卡片分类测试，WCST）。使用夏皮罗-威尔克检验来测试正态性，并通过皮尔逊或斯皮尔曼相关性检验进行分析。
延长的睡眠中断与反向科西任务的反应时间之间存在显著相关性，r = 0.66，p = 0.010，总睡眠时间与幸福感之间也存在显著相关性，r = 0.50，p = 0.029。疼痛评分与反向科西任务得分之间存在负相关，r = -0.57，p = 0.110。身体健康与WCST中的错误率相关，r = 0.69，p ≤ 0.001。此外，再投资与身体健康呈负相关，r = -0.80，p ≤ 0.001。
幸福感依赖于总睡眠时间。睡眠中断延长的运动员在记忆回忆方面较慢，报告疼痛较多的运动员记忆得分较低。身体健康评分较高的参与者在WCST中的错误率较高；这表明健康感知较差的个体认知灵活性增强。然而，身体健康评分较低的个体在决策时反复思考和再投资的倾向也更高，这表明再投资与身体健康之间存在相互关系。
