Jenkins S R
Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Nov;53(5):922-32. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.53.5.922.
Previous research has demonstrated that achievement-motivated people perform better under working conditions of challenge, autonomy, and rapid feedback. These achievement-congenial conditions characterize entrepreneurial business and, among those occupations traditionally filled by women, teaching. Achievement motivation was measured in 117 women as college seniors and again 14 years later. Senior-year achievement motivation predicted later employment in teaching (including college). Career-involved women who had been highly achievement-motivated in college valued status mobility and working with people and reported job satisfaction from competition with a standard of excellence; however, women in different career situations differed in the relations between their achievement motivation in college and their later work values, job perceptions, and sources of satisfaction. Women highly achievement-motivated in adulthood valued achievement-congenial working conditions and status mobility and described job satisfaction from competition with a standard of excellence, especially if they were supervisors. Professors and businesswomen showed larger increases in achievement motivation over 14 years than did women otherwise employed. Thus, achievement motivation predicts women's career outcomes when their values and work situations, along with sex-differentiated occupational structures, are considered. Occupational structure effects on motives over time are discussed.
以往的研究表明，有成就动机的人在具有挑战性、自主性和快速反馈的工作条件下表现得更好。这些与成就相契合的条件是创业型企业以及在传统上由女性从事的职业（如教学）的特点。对117名大四女学生进行了成就动机测量，并在14年后再次进行测量。大四时的成就动机预测了她们后来从事教学工作（包括大学教学）的情况。在大学时具有高度成就动机的职业女性重视地位的提升以及与人共事，并表示通过与卓越标准竞争获得工作满意度；然而，处于不同职业状况的女性在大学时的成就动机与她们后来的工作价值观、工作认知和满意度来源之间的关系存在差异。成年后具有高度成就动机的女性重视与成就相契合的工作条件和地位的提升，并表示通过与卓越标准竞争获得工作满意度，尤其是当她们担任主管时。与从事其他工作的女性相比，教授和职业女性在14年中的成就动机增长幅度更大。因此，当考虑到女性的价值观、工作状况以及性别差异化的职业结构时，成就动机可以预测女性的职业成就。本文还讨论了职业结构随时间对动机的影响。
