Involvement of an Enhanced Immunity Mechanism in the Resistance to in Lepidopteran Pests.

() is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of is insect resistance. The resistance mechanisms to toxins depend not only on alterations in insect receptors, but also on the enhancement of insect immune responses. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the immune response and resistance of insects to formulations and proteins, mainly in Lepidopteran pests. We discuss the pattern recognition proteins for recognizing , antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic signaling pathways, the prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nodulation, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and cell-free aggregates, which are involved in immune response reactions or resistance to . This review also analyzes immune priming, which contributes to the evolution of insect resistance to , and puts forward strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of formulations and manage insect resistance, targeting the insect immune responses and resistance.