Rizvi Syed Mohd Danish, Lila Amr Selim Abu, Moin Afrasim, Hussain Talib, Kamal Mohammad Amjad, Sonbol Hana, Khafagy El-Sayed
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia.
Molecular Diagnostic & Personalized Therapeutic Unit, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 28;15(2):430. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020430.
The advent of new antibiotics has helped clinicians to control severe bacterial infections. Despite this, inappropriate and redundant use of antibiotics, inadequate diagnosis, and smart resistant mechanisms developed by pathogens sometimes lead to the failure of treatment strategies. The genotypic analysis of clinical samples revealed that the rapid spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes is one of the most common approaches acquired by bacterial pathogens to become resistant. The scenario compelled the researchers to prioritize the design and development of novel and effective therapeutic options. Nanotechnology has emerged as a plausible groundbreaking tool against resistant infectious pathogens. Numerous reports suggested that inorganic nanomaterials, specifically gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have converted unresponsive antibiotics into potent ones against multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains. Interestingly, after almost two decades of exhaustive preclinical evaluations, AuNPs are gradually progressively moving ahead toward clinical evaluations. However, the mechanistic aspects of the antibacterial action of AuNPs remain an unsolved puzzle for the scientific fraternity. Thus, the review covers state-of-the-art investigations pertaining to the efficacy of AuNPs as a tool to overcome ESBLs acquired resistance, their applicability and toxicity perspectives, and the revelation of the most appropriate proposed mechanism of action. Conclusively, the trend suggested that antibiotic-loaded AuNPs could be developed into a promising interventional strategy to limit and overcome the concerns of antibiotic-resistance.
新型抗生素的出现帮助临床医生控制严重的细菌感染。尽管如此，抗生素的不当和过度使用、诊断不足以及病原体形成的巧妙耐药机制有时会导致治疗策略失败。临床样本的基因分析表明，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的快速传播是细菌病原体获得耐药性的最常见途径之一。这种情况促使研究人员优先设计和开发新型有效的治疗方案。纳米技术已成为对抗耐药性感染病原体的一种可行的开创性工具。大量报告表明，无机纳米材料，特别是金纳米颗粒（AuNPs），已将无反应的抗生素转化为对多重耐药病原菌有效的抗生素。有趣的是，经过近二十年详尽的临床前评估后，AuNPs正逐渐迈向临床评估阶段。然而，AuNPs抗菌作用的机制方面对科学界来说仍是一个未解之谜。因此，本综述涵盖了关于AuNPs作为克服ESBLs获得性耐药工具的功效、其适用性和毒性方面以及最恰当的作用机制揭示的最新研究。总之，这种趋势表明负载抗生素的AuNPs有望发展成为一种有前景的干预策略，以限制和克服抗生素耐药性问题。
