Swain Rinny, Sahoo Smrutishree, Behera Mamata, Rout Gyana Ranjan
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, Gandhi University of Engineering and Technology (GIET) University, Rayagada, Odisha, India.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Rayagada, Odisha, India.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Feb 9;14:1104874. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104874. eCollection 2023.
In recent times, the demand for food and feed for the ever-increasing population has achieved unparalleled importance, which cannot afford crop yield loss. Now-a-days, the unpleasant situation of abiotic stress triggers crop improvement by affecting the different metabolic pathways of yield and quality advances worldwide. Abiotic stress like drought, salinity, cold, heat, flood, etc. in plants diverts the energy required for growth to prevent the plant from shock and maintain regular homeostasis. Hence, the plant yield is drastically reduced as the energy is utilized for overcoming the stress in plants. The application of phytohormones like the classical auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins, as well as more recent members including brassinosteroids, jasmonic acids, etc., along with both macro and micronutrients, have enhanced significant attention in creating key benefits such as reduction of ionic toxicity, improving oxidative stress, maintaining water-related balance, and gaseous exchange modification during abiotic stress conditions. Majority of phytohormones maintain homeostasis inside the cell by detoxifying the ROS and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities which can enhance tolerance in plants. At the molecular level, phytohormones activate stress signaling pathways or genes regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene. The various stresses primarily cause nutrient deficiency and reduce the nutrient uptake of plants. The application of plant nutrients like N, K, Ca, and Mg are also involved in ROS scavenging activities through elevating antioxidants properties and finally decreasing cell membrane leakage and increasing the photosynthetic ability by resynthesizing the chlorophyll pigment. This present review highlighted the alteration of metabolic activities caused by abiotic stress in various crops, the changes of vital functions through the application of exogenous phytohormones and nutrition, as well as their interaction.
近年来，为不断增长的人口提供食物和饲料的需求变得无比重要，作物产量损失已无法承受。如今，非生物胁迫这一不利状况通过影响全球范围内产量和品质提升的不同代谢途径，推动了作物改良。植物遭受干旱、盐碱、寒冷、高温、洪涝等非生物胁迫时，会将生长所需的能量转移，以防止植物受到冲击并维持正常的体内平衡。因此，由于能量被用于克服植物胁迫，作物产量会大幅降低。经典植物激素如生长素、细胞分裂素、乙烯和赤霉素，以及包括油菜素内酯、茉莉酸等在内的较新成员，与大量元素和微量元素一起应用，在创造关键益处方面引起了极大关注，如降低离子毒性、改善氧化应激、维持水分相关平衡以及在非生物胁迫条件下改变气体交换。大多数植物激素通过清除活性氧和增强抗氧化酶活性来维持细胞内的体内平衡，从而提高植物的耐受性。在分子水平上，植物激素激活由脱落酸（ABA）、水杨酸（SA）、茉莉酸（JA）和乙烯调控的胁迫信号通路或基因。各种胁迫主要导致养分缺乏并降低植物对养分的吸收。施用氮、钾、钙和镁等植物养分也通过提高抗氧化性能参与活性氧清除活动，最终减少细胞膜渗漏，并通过重新合成叶绿素色素提高光合能力。本综述强调了非生物胁迫对各种作物代谢活动的改变、外源植物激素和营养物质施用引起的重要功能变化及其相互作用。
