Yunoki Takayuki
Centro de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos (CIRA) Universidad Autónoma del Beni Trinidad Beni Bolivia.
Ecol Evol. 2023 Feb 22;13(2):e9754. doi: 10.1002/ece3.9754. eCollection 2023 Feb.
This study investigated the origins and maintenance of biodiversity by integrating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms into a spatially-explicit synthesis between niche-based processes and neutral dynamics (ND). An individual-based model on a two-dimensional grid with periodic boundary conditions was used to compare a niche-neutral continuum induced in contrasting spatial and environmental settings while characterizing the operational scaling of deterministic-stochastic processes. The spatially-explicit simulations revealed three major findings. First, the number of guilds in a system approaches a stationary state and the species composition in a system converges to a dynamic equilibrium of ecologically-equivalent species generated by the speciation-extinction balance. This convergence of species composition can be argued under a point mutation mode of speciation and niche conservatism due to the duality of ND. Second, the dispersal modes of biota may affect how the influence of environmental filtering changes across ecological-evolutionary scales. This influence is greatest in compactly-packed areas within biogeographic units for large-bodied active dispersers, such as fish. Third, the species are filtered along the environmental gradient and the coexistence of ecologically-different species in each local community in a homogeneous environment is allowed by dispersals in a set of local communities. Therefore, the ND among the single-guild species, extinction-colonization trade-off among species of similar environmental optima and different levels of specialization, and mass effect, such as weak species-environment associations, operate simultaneously in patchy habitats. In spatially-explicit synthesis, characterizing where a metacommunity falls along a niche-neutral continuum is too superficial and involves an abstraction that any biological process is probabilistic; therefore, they are dynamic-stochastic processes. The general patterns observed in the simulations allowed a theoretical synthesis of a metacommunity and explained the complex patterns observed in the real world.
本研究通过将生态和进化机制整合到基于生态位的过程与中性动态（ND）之间的空间明确综合中，来探究生物多样性的起源和维持。使用一个具有周期性边界条件的二维网格上的个体模型，在对比空间和环境设置下比较诱导的生态位 - 中性连续体，同时表征确定性 - 随机过程的操作尺度。空间明确模拟揭示了三个主要发现。首先，系统中生态位的数量接近稳定状态，系统中的物种组成收敛到由物种形成 - 灭绝平衡产生的生态等效物种的动态平衡。由于ND的二元性，在物种形成的点突变模式和生态位保守性下，可以论证物种组成的这种收敛。其次，生物群的扩散模式可能会影响环境过滤的影响如何在生态 - 进化尺度上变化。对于大型活跃扩散者（如鱼类），这种影响在生物地理单元内紧密堆积的区域最大。第三，物种沿着环境梯度被过滤，并且在一组局部群落中的扩散允许在均匀环境中每个局部群落中生态不同的物种共存。因此，单生态位物种之间的ND、具有相似环境最优值和不同专业化水平的物种之间的灭绝 - 定殖权衡以及诸如弱物种 - 环境关联等质量效应，在斑块状栖息地中同时起作用。在空间明确综合中，表征一个集合群落沿着生态位 - 中性连续体所处的位置过于表面，并且涉及任何生物过程都是概率性的抽象；因此，它们是动态 - 随机过程。模拟中观察到的一般模式允许对集合群落进行理论综合，并解释了在现实世界中观察到的复杂模式。
