Pozzetto Bruno, Gagnaire Julie, Berthelot Philippe, Bourlet Thomas, Pillet Sylvie
Service des agents infectieux et d'hygiène, Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex, France.
Team GIMAP, CIRI-Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, université Jean Monnet de Saint-Étienne, université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Étienne cedex, France.
Rev Francoph Lab. 2023 Mar;2023(550):33-43. doi: 10.1016/S1773-035X(23)00053-9. Epub 2023 Mar 2.
Animal viruses are present in most human environments. Their viability in these media is very variable and the most important element that conditions this viability is the existence or not of a phospholipid envelope surrounding the nucleocapsid. After some general considerations on the structure of viruses, their multiplication cycle and their resistance to different physico-chemical agents, some examples of the impact of animal viruses present in the environment on human health will be presented. The situations that are related concern recent epidemiological events: circulation of type 2 polioviruses derived from the Sabin vaccine strain in the wastewater of New York, London and Jerusalem; risk of transmission of Sars-CoV-2 during the spreading of sludge from wastewater treatment plants on agricultural land in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic; « new » forms of food-borne poisoning of viral origin (hepatitis E, tick-borne encephalitis, Nipah virus infection); contamination by epidemic viruses of mobile phones used by pediatricians; role of fomites in the spread of orthopoxvirus infections (smallpox, cowpox, monkeypox). The risk attached to animal viruses present in the environment must be assessed in a measured way without overestimating or underestimating their potential consequences for human health.
动物病毒存在于大多数人类环境中。它们在这些介质中的生存能力差异很大，决定这种生存能力的最重要因素是核衣壳周围是否存在磷脂包膜。在对病毒的结构、增殖周期及其对不同物理化学因子的抗性进行一些一般性思考之后，将列举一些环境中存在的动物病毒对人类健康影响的实例。相关情况涉及近期的流行病学事件：源自萨宾疫苗株的2型脊髓灰质炎病毒在纽约、伦敦和耶路撒冷的废水中传播；在新冠疫情时代，污水处理厂的污泥在农田中传播期间，新型冠状病毒2传播的风险；病毒源性食源性中毒的“新”形式（戊型肝炎、蜱传脑炎、尼帕病毒感染）；儿科医生使用的手机被流行病毒污染；污染物在正痘病毒感染（天花、牛痘、猴痘）传播中的作用。必须以适度的方式评估环境中存在的动物病毒所带来的风险，既不过高也不过低估计其对人类健康的潜在后果。
